Nursing Across the Lifespan
> Developmental principles
• cephalocaudal - human development follows H2T - young adulthood - age 20
progression • completed physical growth
• proximodistal - progresses from center of body to • adjusting to real world: financial independence,
outward responsibilities, career, home, family
• general to specific - large muscle to more refined > middle adulthood - mid 40 to early 60
-
movements • body comp changes: loss of muscle tone/
> prenatal development - from conception to birth
-
elasticity, bone mass, visual acuity decline, BP
• average of 38-40 weeks increase
- zygote, embryo, fetus • new family and work responsibilities
- APGAR - assessed at 1 and 5 minutes after birth • maintain healthy lifestyles
• appearance (color) > older adulthood - over 65
-
• pulse • spinal curvature, decrease muscle mass, body
• grimace (irritability to simulation) fat, bone mass, joint stiffness, increase risk
• activity of falls
• respiration • decrease elasticity in blood vessels, heart
valves, lung tissue
>
- newborn - birth to 28 days • hair thinning, brittle nails, decline memory,
- infant - 1 to 12 months increase fatigue, skin thinning, decreased
• 2: reach for object, 5: hold object continent control
• 4-6: head control developed • lack health nutrition: live alone, grief,
• 8-10: use pincer grasp, sit independently unemployed, lack of support
- health promotion in late adulthood
• 12: stand w/out assistance
• maintain and increase functional capacity
• health practices - nutrition, interactive play, car and crib
safety • improve self care
- toddlerhood - 12 to 36 months • increase social network, longer independence,
overall quality of lfie
• great physical, cognitive, pyschosocial development > Freud's pyschosexual stages
-
• object permanence - object exists even when not seen/ • oral (birth-1)
heard
• anal (1-3)
• parallel play - toddlers play side by side, don't interact
• phallic (3-6)
> preschool age - 3 to 6 years
-
• latent (6-pubery)
• fine and motor skills more refined
• genital (puberty-death)
- can skip, catch, balance, color, recite songs, first and - erickson's theory of development
last name, count to 20, imaginative
• infancy - trust, mistrust
• associative play - small groups interact in similar activity,
w/out established rules • early childhood - autonomy, shame/doubt
>
- middle childhood - 6 to adolescence • preschool - initiative, guilt
• environment expands: school, sports, clubs, take on • school - industry, inferiority
responsibilities • adolescence - identify, role confusion
• body image: self-aware, comparison • young adult - intimacy, isolation
• emotions are wide range: important relationships, how • middle adult - generosity, stagnation
others perceive/accept • maturity - ego integrity, despair
- adolescence - 12 to 20 years > piaget's theory of development
-
• emotional maturity: increase capacity for attention, • sensorimotor (birth-2)
memory, cognitive processing, risk vs reward • pre operational (2-7)
• increased strength, endurance • concrete operational (7-11)
• sexual maturity (11-13) • formal operational (12 up)
> Developmental principles
• cephalocaudal - human development follows H2T - young adulthood - age 20
progression • completed physical growth
• proximodistal - progresses from center of body to • adjusting to real world: financial independence,
outward responsibilities, career, home, family
• general to specific - large muscle to more refined > middle adulthood - mid 40 to early 60
-
movements • body comp changes: loss of muscle tone/
> prenatal development - from conception to birth
-
elasticity, bone mass, visual acuity decline, BP
• average of 38-40 weeks increase
- zygote, embryo, fetus • new family and work responsibilities
- APGAR - assessed at 1 and 5 minutes after birth • maintain healthy lifestyles
• appearance (color) > older adulthood - over 65
-
• pulse • spinal curvature, decrease muscle mass, body
• grimace (irritability to simulation) fat, bone mass, joint stiffness, increase risk
• activity of falls
• respiration • decrease elasticity in blood vessels, heart
valves, lung tissue
>
- newborn - birth to 28 days • hair thinning, brittle nails, decline memory,
- infant - 1 to 12 months increase fatigue, skin thinning, decreased
• 2: reach for object, 5: hold object continent control
• 4-6: head control developed • lack health nutrition: live alone, grief,
• 8-10: use pincer grasp, sit independently unemployed, lack of support
- health promotion in late adulthood
• 12: stand w/out assistance
• maintain and increase functional capacity
• health practices - nutrition, interactive play, car and crib
safety • improve self care
- toddlerhood - 12 to 36 months • increase social network, longer independence,
overall quality of lfie
• great physical, cognitive, pyschosocial development > Freud's pyschosexual stages
-
• object permanence - object exists even when not seen/ • oral (birth-1)
heard
• anal (1-3)
• parallel play - toddlers play side by side, don't interact
• phallic (3-6)
> preschool age - 3 to 6 years
-
• latent (6-pubery)
• fine and motor skills more refined
• genital (puberty-death)
- can skip, catch, balance, color, recite songs, first and - erickson's theory of development
last name, count to 20, imaginative
• infancy - trust, mistrust
• associative play - small groups interact in similar activity,
w/out established rules • early childhood - autonomy, shame/doubt
>
- middle childhood - 6 to adolescence • preschool - initiative, guilt
• environment expands: school, sports, clubs, take on • school - industry, inferiority
responsibilities • adolescence - identify, role confusion
• body image: self-aware, comparison • young adult - intimacy, isolation
• emotions are wide range: important relationships, how • middle adult - generosity, stagnation
others perceive/accept • maturity - ego integrity, despair
- adolescence - 12 to 20 years > piaget's theory of development
-
• emotional maturity: increase capacity for attention, • sensorimotor (birth-2)
memory, cognitive processing, risk vs reward • pre operational (2-7)
• increased strength, endurance • concrete operational (7-11)
• sexual maturity (11-13) • formal operational (12 up)
