NUR612 Exam Study Set () Questions and Correct
Answers| Latest 2025
Diffusion - ✔✔movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low
concentration
What drives diffusion? - ✔✔the concentration gradient
Osmosis - ✔✔The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an
area with low solute concentration to one with high solute concentration
isotonic solution - ✔✔No change in cell size; water movement is balanced inside and
outside the cell
hypotonic solution - ✔✔cells swell as water enters the cell due to a higher
concentration of solutes inside the cell
hypertonic solutions - ✔✔cells shrink as water exits the cell because the extracellular
environment has a higher solute concentration
Sympathetic nervous system control of body water and sodium levels - ✔✔constricts
blood vessels, increasing blood pressure and promoting sodium retention
RAAS control of body water and sodium levels - ✔✔RAAS releases renin to convert
angiotensinogen to angiotensin I and II, causing vasoconstriction and stimulating
aldosterone release, which increases sodium and water reabsorption
,ADH control of body water and sodium levels - ✔✔ADH promotes water reabsorption
in the kidneys to maintain body fluid balance during dehydration
Relationship between ADH and Aquaporin-2 Channels - ✔✔ADH binds to receptors in
the kidney's collecting ducts, triggering the insertion of aquaporin-2 channels into the
membrane.
Aquaporin-2 channels - ✔✔allow water to be reabsorbed back into the bloodstream,
concentrating the urine and maintaining hydration
Diabetes Insipidus (DI) pathology - ✔✔Insufficient ADH production or kidney
response, leading to excessive water loss
Manifestations of DI - ✔✔Polyuria, polydipsia, dilute urine, dehydration
Treatment of DI - ✔✔ADH replacement (desmopressin) or managing fluid intake
SIADH pathology - ✔✔excessive release of ADH, causing water retention and
dilutional hyponatremia
SIADH manifestations - ✔✔low urine output, concentrated urine, hyponatremia,
symptoms like headache and confusion
SIADH treatment - ✔✔fluid restriction, salt tablets, or medications like
demeclocycline to reduce kidney response to ADH
Where is most potassium located? - ✔✔In the ICF
, What is the role of extracellular potassium? - ✔✔nerve and muscle function
How is potassium regulated? - ✔✔mostly by aldosterone, which promotes potassium
excretion in exchange for sodium reabsorption in the distal tubules of the kidney
Hypokalemia manifestations - ✔✔muscle weakness, cramps, arrhythmias
Causes of hypokalemia - ✔✔diuretics, GI losses
Hyperkalemia manifestations - ✔✔muscle weakness, fatigue, peaked T-waves on
EKG, severe cases may lead to cardiac arrest
Causes of hyperkalemia - ✔✔kidney dysfunction or medications affecting K+
excretion
What enhances calcium and phosphorus absorption in the gut? - ✔✔Vitamin D
What increases calcium reabsorption and phosphate excretion in the kidneys? -
✔✔Parathyroid hormone
Both parathyroid hormone and vitamin D mobilize calcium from ____ to maintain blood
levels when necessary - ✔✔bones
Ionized calcium - ✔✔The physiologically active form involved in muscle contraction,
nerve transmission, and blood clotting
Answers| Latest 2025
Diffusion - ✔✔movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low
concentration
What drives diffusion? - ✔✔the concentration gradient
Osmosis - ✔✔The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an
area with low solute concentration to one with high solute concentration
isotonic solution - ✔✔No change in cell size; water movement is balanced inside and
outside the cell
hypotonic solution - ✔✔cells swell as water enters the cell due to a higher
concentration of solutes inside the cell
hypertonic solutions - ✔✔cells shrink as water exits the cell because the extracellular
environment has a higher solute concentration
Sympathetic nervous system control of body water and sodium levels - ✔✔constricts
blood vessels, increasing blood pressure and promoting sodium retention
RAAS control of body water and sodium levels - ✔✔RAAS releases renin to convert
angiotensinogen to angiotensin I and II, causing vasoconstriction and stimulating
aldosterone release, which increases sodium and water reabsorption
,ADH control of body water and sodium levels - ✔✔ADH promotes water reabsorption
in the kidneys to maintain body fluid balance during dehydration
Relationship between ADH and Aquaporin-2 Channels - ✔✔ADH binds to receptors in
the kidney's collecting ducts, triggering the insertion of aquaporin-2 channels into the
membrane.
Aquaporin-2 channels - ✔✔allow water to be reabsorbed back into the bloodstream,
concentrating the urine and maintaining hydration
Diabetes Insipidus (DI) pathology - ✔✔Insufficient ADH production or kidney
response, leading to excessive water loss
Manifestations of DI - ✔✔Polyuria, polydipsia, dilute urine, dehydration
Treatment of DI - ✔✔ADH replacement (desmopressin) or managing fluid intake
SIADH pathology - ✔✔excessive release of ADH, causing water retention and
dilutional hyponatremia
SIADH manifestations - ✔✔low urine output, concentrated urine, hyponatremia,
symptoms like headache and confusion
SIADH treatment - ✔✔fluid restriction, salt tablets, or medications like
demeclocycline to reduce kidney response to ADH
Where is most potassium located? - ✔✔In the ICF
, What is the role of extracellular potassium? - ✔✔nerve and muscle function
How is potassium regulated? - ✔✔mostly by aldosterone, which promotes potassium
excretion in exchange for sodium reabsorption in the distal tubules of the kidney
Hypokalemia manifestations - ✔✔muscle weakness, cramps, arrhythmias
Causes of hypokalemia - ✔✔diuretics, GI losses
Hyperkalemia manifestations - ✔✔muscle weakness, fatigue, peaked T-waves on
EKG, severe cases may lead to cardiac arrest
Causes of hyperkalemia - ✔✔kidney dysfunction or medications affecting K+
excretion
What enhances calcium and phosphorus absorption in the gut? - ✔✔Vitamin D
What increases calcium reabsorption and phosphate excretion in the kidneys? -
✔✔Parathyroid hormone
Both parathyroid hormone and vitamin D mobilize calcium from ____ to maintain blood
levels when necessary - ✔✔bones
Ionized calcium - ✔✔The physiologically active form involved in muscle contraction,
nerve transmission, and blood clotting
