COMPLETE TEST BANK: NEONATAL AND PEDIATRIC RESPIRATORY CARE 5TH EDITION BY BRIAN K. WALSH PHD LATEST UPDATE.

Neonatal and Pediatric
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nn Respiratory Care 5th Edition
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Walsh Test Bank A+
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, Chapter 1: Fetal Lung Development Test Bank nn nn nn nn nn nn




MULTIPLE CHOICE nn




1. Which of the following phases of human lung development is characterized by
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the formation of a capillary network around airway passages?
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a. Pseudoglandular

b. Saccular

c. Alveolar

d. Canalicular



ANS: D nn




The canalicular phase follows the pseudoglandular phase, lasting from approximately 17 weeks
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to 26 weeks of gestation. This phase is so named because of the appearance of vascular
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channels, or capillaries, which begin to grow by forming a capillary network around the air
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passages.
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During the pseudoglandular stage, which begins at day 52 and extends to week 16 of
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gestation, the airway system subdivides extensively and the conducting airway system
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develops, ending with the terminal bronchioles. The saccular stage of development, which
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takes place from weeks 29 to 36 of gestation, is characterized by the development of sacs that
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later become alveoli.
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During the saccular phase, a tremendous increase in the potential gas- exchanging surface area
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occurs. The distinction between the saccular stage and the alveolar stage is arbitrary. The
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alveolar stage stretches from 39 weeks of gestation to term. This stage is represented by the
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establishment of alveoli.
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REF: pp. 3-5 nn nn




2. Regarding postnatal lung growth, by approximately what age do most of the alveoli nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn




that will be present in the lungs for life develop?
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a. 6 months nn

,b. 1 year
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c. 1.5 years nn




d. 2 years
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ANS: C nn




Most of the postnatal formation of alveoli in the infant occurs over the first 1.5 years of life. At
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2 years of age, the number of alveoli varies substantially among individuals. After 2 years of
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age, males have more alveoli than do females. After alveolar multiplication ends, the alveoli
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continue to increase in size until thoracic growth is completed.
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REF: p. 6 nn nn




3. The respiratory therapist is evaluating a newborn with mild respiratory distress due
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to tracheal stenosis. During which period of lung development did this problem develop?
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a. Embryonal

b. Saccular

c. Canalicular

d. Alveolar



ANS: A nn




The initial structures of the pulmonary tree develop during the embryonal stage. Errors in
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development during this time may result in laryngeal, tracheal, or esophageal atresia or stenosis.
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Pulmonary hypoplasia, an incomplete development of the lungs characterized by an abnormally
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low number and/or size of bronchopulmonary segments and/or alveoli, can develop during the
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pseudoglandular phase. If the fetus is born during the canalicular phase (i.e., prematurely), severe
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respiratory distress can be expected because the inadequately developed airways, along with
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insufficient and immature surfactant production by alveolar type II cells, gives rise to the
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constellation of problems known as infant respiratory distress syndrome.
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, REF: n n p. 6 nn




4. Which of the following mechanisms is (are) responsible for the possible
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association between oligohydramnios and lung hypoplasia?
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I. Abnormal carbohydrate metabolism nn nn




II. Mechanical restriction of the chest wall nn nn nn nn nn




III. Interference with fetal breathing nn nn nn




IV. Failure to produce fetal lung liquid nn nn nn nn nn




a. I and III only
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b. II and III only
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c. I, II, and IV only
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d. II, III, and IV only
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ANS: D nn




Oligohydramnios, a reduced quantity of amniotic fluid present for an extended period of time,
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with or without renal anomalies, is associated with lung hypoplasia. The mechanisms by
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which amniotic fluid volume influences lung growth remain unclear. Possible explanations for
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reduced quantity of amniotic fluid include mechanical restriction of the chest wall, interference
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with fetal breathing, or failure to produce fetal lung liquid. These clinical and experimental
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observations possibly point to a common denominator, lung stretch, as being a major growth
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stimulant.
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REF: pp. 6-7
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5. What is the purpose of the substance secreted by the type II pneumocyte?
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