1
NSG
NSG 6101 FINAL E XAM QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE
(2025/2026) GUARANTEED PASS
Description of Risks and Discomforts
hlfc - ANS ✓Prospective subjects must be informed about any foreseeable risks
or discomforts (physical, emotional, social, or economic) that might result from
the study They also must know how the risks of a study were minimized and the
benefits maximized.
Description of Benefits
hlfc - ANS ✓You should describe any benefits to the subject or to others that may
be expected from the research. The study might benefit the current subjects or
might generate knowledge that will provide evidence-based care to patients and
families in the future (U.S. DHHS, 2009; U.S. FDA, 2010a).
Disclosure of Alternatives
hlfc - ANS ✓Study participants must receive a disclosure of alternatives related
to their participation in a study. They must be informed about appropriate,
alternative procedures or courses of treatment, if any, that might be
advantageous to them (U.S. DHHS, 2009). For example, nurse researchers
examining the effect of a distraction intervention on the chronic pain of patients
with osteoarthritis would need to make potential subjects aware of other
alternatives for pain management available to them
Assurance of Anonymity and Confidentiality
hlfc - ANS ✓Study participants must receive a disclosure of alternatives related
to their participation in a study. They must be informed about appropriate,
alternative procedures or courses of treatment, if any, that might be
advantageous to them (U.S. DHHS, 2009). For example, nurse researchers
examining the effect of a distraction intervention on the chronic pain of patients
with osteoarthritis would need to make potential subjects aware of other
alternatives for pain management available to them
Compensation for Participation in Research
NSG 6101
, 2
NSG
hlfc - ANS ✓For research involving more than minimal risk, prospective subjects
must be given an explanation as to whether any compensation or medical
treatment, or both, would be available if injury should occur.
Offer to Answer Questions
hlfc - ANS ✓As a conscientious researcher, you need to offer to answer any
questions that the prospective subjects may have during the consent process.
Study participants also need an explanation of whom to contact for answers to
questions about the research during the conduct of the study and of whom to
contact in the event of a research-related problem or injury, as well as how to do
so
Noncoercive Disclaimer
hlfc - ANS ✓Subjects may discontinue participation in, or may withdraw from, a
study at any time without penalty or loss of benefits (Rubin, 2014). However, at
the time of consent, researchers do have the right to ask subjects whether they
think that they will be able to complete the study, to decrease the number of
subjects withdrawing early.
Consent to Incomplete Disclosure - ANS ✓In some studies, subjects experience
incomplete disclosure of study information, or are not completely informed of
the study purpose, because that knowledge would alter their actions. However,
prospective subjects must know that certain information is being withheld
deliberately. You, the researcher, must ensure that there are no undisclosed risks
to the subjects that are more than minimal and that their questions are truthfully
answered regarding the study. Subjects who are exposed to nondisclosure of
information must know when and how they will be debriefed about the study.
Subjects are debriefed by informing them of the actual purpose of the study and
the results that were obtained
Comprehension of Consent Information - ANS ✓Informed consent implies not
only the imparting of information by the researcher but also the comprehension
of that information by the subject
Written Consent Waived - ANS ✓Requirements for written consent or the
participants' signatures on their consent forms may be waived in research that
"presents no more than minimal risk of harm to subjects and involves no
procedures for which written consent is normally required outside of the
research context"
NSG 6101
, 3
NSG
Institutional Review - ANS ✓An institutional review board (IRB) is a committee
that reviews research to ensure that all investigators are conducting research
ethically.
Minimal risk - ANS ✓Studies that have some risks, which are viewed as minimal,
are expedited in the review process. Minimal risk means "that the risks of harm
anticipated in the proposed research are not greater, considering probability and
magnitude, than those ordinarily encountered in daily life or during the
performance of routine physical or psychological examinations or tests"
Key Points - ANS ✓• The ethical conduct of research starts with the
identification of the study topic and continues through the publication of the
study to assure that valid research evidence is developed for practice.
• Discussions of ethics and research must continue because of (1) the
complexity of human rights issues; (2) the focus of research in new,
challenging arenas of technology and genetics; (3) the complex ethical
codes and regulations governing research; and (4) the variety of
interpretations of these codes and regulations.
• Two historical documents that have had a strong impact on the conduct of
research are the Nuremberg Code and the Declaration of Helsinki.
• U.S. federal regulations direct the ethical conduct of research. These
regulations include (1) general requirements for informed consent, (2)
documentation of informed consent, (3) IRB review of research, (4) exempt
and expedited review procedures for certain kinds of research, and (5)
criteria for IRB approval of research.
• The Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences revises
and updates ethical guidelines for biomedical research conducted
internationally.
• Public Law 104-191, the HIPAA, was implemented in 2003 to protect
individuals' health information.
• Conducting research ethically requires protection of the human rights of
subjects. Human rights are claims and demands that have been justified in
the eyes of an individual or by the consensus of a group of individuals. The
human rights that require protection in research are (1) self-
determination, (2) privacy, (3) anonymity or confidentiality, (4) fair
treatment, and (5) protection from discomfort and harm.
• The rights of research subjects can be protected by balancing benefits and
risks of a study, securing informed consent, and submitting the research for
188
institutional review. The o
NSG 6101
NSG
NSG 6101 FINAL E XAM QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE
(2025/2026) GUARANTEED PASS
Description of Risks and Discomforts
hlfc - ANS ✓Prospective subjects must be informed about any foreseeable risks
or discomforts (physical, emotional, social, or economic) that might result from
the study They also must know how the risks of a study were minimized and the
benefits maximized.
Description of Benefits
hlfc - ANS ✓You should describe any benefits to the subject or to others that may
be expected from the research. The study might benefit the current subjects or
might generate knowledge that will provide evidence-based care to patients and
families in the future (U.S. DHHS, 2009; U.S. FDA, 2010a).
Disclosure of Alternatives
hlfc - ANS ✓Study participants must receive a disclosure of alternatives related
to their participation in a study. They must be informed about appropriate,
alternative procedures or courses of treatment, if any, that might be
advantageous to them (U.S. DHHS, 2009). For example, nurse researchers
examining the effect of a distraction intervention on the chronic pain of patients
with osteoarthritis would need to make potential subjects aware of other
alternatives for pain management available to them
Assurance of Anonymity and Confidentiality
hlfc - ANS ✓Study participants must receive a disclosure of alternatives related
to their participation in a study. They must be informed about appropriate,
alternative procedures or courses of treatment, if any, that might be
advantageous to them (U.S. DHHS, 2009). For example, nurse researchers
examining the effect of a distraction intervention on the chronic pain of patients
with osteoarthritis would need to make potential subjects aware of other
alternatives for pain management available to them
Compensation for Participation in Research
NSG 6101
, 2
NSG
hlfc - ANS ✓For research involving more than minimal risk, prospective subjects
must be given an explanation as to whether any compensation or medical
treatment, or both, would be available if injury should occur.
Offer to Answer Questions
hlfc - ANS ✓As a conscientious researcher, you need to offer to answer any
questions that the prospective subjects may have during the consent process.
Study participants also need an explanation of whom to contact for answers to
questions about the research during the conduct of the study and of whom to
contact in the event of a research-related problem or injury, as well as how to do
so
Noncoercive Disclaimer
hlfc - ANS ✓Subjects may discontinue participation in, or may withdraw from, a
study at any time without penalty or loss of benefits (Rubin, 2014). However, at
the time of consent, researchers do have the right to ask subjects whether they
think that they will be able to complete the study, to decrease the number of
subjects withdrawing early.
Consent to Incomplete Disclosure - ANS ✓In some studies, subjects experience
incomplete disclosure of study information, or are not completely informed of
the study purpose, because that knowledge would alter their actions. However,
prospective subjects must know that certain information is being withheld
deliberately. You, the researcher, must ensure that there are no undisclosed risks
to the subjects that are more than minimal and that their questions are truthfully
answered regarding the study. Subjects who are exposed to nondisclosure of
information must know when and how they will be debriefed about the study.
Subjects are debriefed by informing them of the actual purpose of the study and
the results that were obtained
Comprehension of Consent Information - ANS ✓Informed consent implies not
only the imparting of information by the researcher but also the comprehension
of that information by the subject
Written Consent Waived - ANS ✓Requirements for written consent or the
participants' signatures on their consent forms may be waived in research that
"presents no more than minimal risk of harm to subjects and involves no
procedures for which written consent is normally required outside of the
research context"
NSG 6101
, 3
NSG
Institutional Review - ANS ✓An institutional review board (IRB) is a committee
that reviews research to ensure that all investigators are conducting research
ethically.
Minimal risk - ANS ✓Studies that have some risks, which are viewed as minimal,
are expedited in the review process. Minimal risk means "that the risks of harm
anticipated in the proposed research are not greater, considering probability and
magnitude, than those ordinarily encountered in daily life or during the
performance of routine physical or psychological examinations or tests"
Key Points - ANS ✓• The ethical conduct of research starts with the
identification of the study topic and continues through the publication of the
study to assure that valid research evidence is developed for practice.
• Discussions of ethics and research must continue because of (1) the
complexity of human rights issues; (2) the focus of research in new,
challenging arenas of technology and genetics; (3) the complex ethical
codes and regulations governing research; and (4) the variety of
interpretations of these codes and regulations.
• Two historical documents that have had a strong impact on the conduct of
research are the Nuremberg Code and the Declaration of Helsinki.
• U.S. federal regulations direct the ethical conduct of research. These
regulations include (1) general requirements for informed consent, (2)
documentation of informed consent, (3) IRB review of research, (4) exempt
and expedited review procedures for certain kinds of research, and (5)
criteria for IRB approval of research.
• The Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences revises
and updates ethical guidelines for biomedical research conducted
internationally.
• Public Law 104-191, the HIPAA, was implemented in 2003 to protect
individuals' health information.
• Conducting research ethically requires protection of the human rights of
subjects. Human rights are claims and demands that have been justified in
the eyes of an individual or by the consensus of a group of individuals. The
human rights that require protection in research are (1) self-
determination, (2) privacy, (3) anonymity or confidentiality, (4) fair
treatment, and (5) protection from discomfort and harm.
• The rights of research subjects can be protected by balancing benefits and
risks of a study, securing informed consent, and submitting the research for
188
institutional review. The o
NSG 6101
