RAD BIO Final Reviewer (All Quizzes
plus Midterm) Latest Version Graded A+
What is ionizing radiation?
✔✔ Radiation that has enough energy to remove electrons from atoms, potentially causing
damage.
What is the difference between alpha and beta particles?
✔✔ Alpha particles are larger and less penetrating than beta particles, which are smaller and
faster.
What is the role of the mitochondria in cellular biology?
✔✔ Mitochondria generate energy for the cell through cellular respiration.
What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?
✔✔ The nucleus contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cell activities.
How does ionizing radiation affect cellular DNA?
✔✔ It can cause DNA damage, leading to mutations, cancer, or cell death.
1
,What is apoptosis?
✔✔ Programmed cell death, a process that eliminates damaged or unnecessary cells.
What is the significance of the linear no-threshold model in radiation biology?
✔✔ It suggests that any amount of radiation exposure, no matter how small, carries a potential
risk.
What is the difference between stochastic and deterministic radiation effects?
✔✔ Stochastic effects are random and increase with dose, while deterministic effects have a
threshold and severity increases with dose.
What is a free radical in radiation biology?
✔✔ An atom or molecule with unpaired electrons, which can cause damage to DNA and other
cell structures.
How does radiation cause genetic mutations?
✔✔ Radiation damages the DNA, which can alter the genetic code and be passed on to
subsequent generations.
2
,What is the term "radiation dose"?
✔✔ The amount of radiation energy absorbed by the body or a specific organ.
What is the significance of the LET (Linear Energy Transfer) in radiation?
✔✔ LET measures the amount of energy a radiation particle deposits per unit of distance
traveled through tissue.
What are the primary components of the electromagnetic spectrum?
✔✔ The electromagnetic spectrum includes gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet light, visible light,
infrared radiation, microwaves, and radio waves.
What is the main function of the cell membrane?
✔✔ The cell membrane regulates the passage of substances in and out of the cell and provides
structural support.
What is the effect of low-level radiation exposure over time?
✔✔ Low-level radiation exposure over time can increase the risk of cancer, genetic mutations,
and other health issues.
3
, What is the difference between somatic and genetic radiation effects?
✔✔ Somatic effects impact the individual, while genetic effects affect future generations.
What is the role of antioxidants in protecting cells from radiation damage?
✔✔ Antioxidants neutralize free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and preventing DNA
damage.
How does the body repair damaged cells after radiation exposure?
✔✔ The body utilizes repair enzymes to fix DNA and other cellular damage caused by radiation.
What is the concept of radiation hormesis?
✔✔ The theory that low doses of radiation may have a beneficial effect by stimulating protective
biological responses.
What is the purpose of radiation protection in medical imaging?
✔✔ To minimize patient and staff exposure to harmful radiation while obtaining diagnostic
images.
4
plus Midterm) Latest Version Graded A+
What is ionizing radiation?
✔✔ Radiation that has enough energy to remove electrons from atoms, potentially causing
damage.
What is the difference between alpha and beta particles?
✔✔ Alpha particles are larger and less penetrating than beta particles, which are smaller and
faster.
What is the role of the mitochondria in cellular biology?
✔✔ Mitochondria generate energy for the cell through cellular respiration.
What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?
✔✔ The nucleus contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cell activities.
How does ionizing radiation affect cellular DNA?
✔✔ It can cause DNA damage, leading to mutations, cancer, or cell death.
1
,What is apoptosis?
✔✔ Programmed cell death, a process that eliminates damaged or unnecessary cells.
What is the significance of the linear no-threshold model in radiation biology?
✔✔ It suggests that any amount of radiation exposure, no matter how small, carries a potential
risk.
What is the difference between stochastic and deterministic radiation effects?
✔✔ Stochastic effects are random and increase with dose, while deterministic effects have a
threshold and severity increases with dose.
What is a free radical in radiation biology?
✔✔ An atom or molecule with unpaired electrons, which can cause damage to DNA and other
cell structures.
How does radiation cause genetic mutations?
✔✔ Radiation damages the DNA, which can alter the genetic code and be passed on to
subsequent generations.
2
,What is the term "radiation dose"?
✔✔ The amount of radiation energy absorbed by the body or a specific organ.
What is the significance of the LET (Linear Energy Transfer) in radiation?
✔✔ LET measures the amount of energy a radiation particle deposits per unit of distance
traveled through tissue.
What are the primary components of the electromagnetic spectrum?
✔✔ The electromagnetic spectrum includes gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet light, visible light,
infrared radiation, microwaves, and radio waves.
What is the main function of the cell membrane?
✔✔ The cell membrane regulates the passage of substances in and out of the cell and provides
structural support.
What is the effect of low-level radiation exposure over time?
✔✔ Low-level radiation exposure over time can increase the risk of cancer, genetic mutations,
and other health issues.
3
, What is the difference between somatic and genetic radiation effects?
✔✔ Somatic effects impact the individual, while genetic effects affect future generations.
What is the role of antioxidants in protecting cells from radiation damage?
✔✔ Antioxidants neutralize free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and preventing DNA
damage.
How does the body repair damaged cells after radiation exposure?
✔✔ The body utilizes repair enzymes to fix DNA and other cellular damage caused by radiation.
What is the concept of radiation hormesis?
✔✔ The theory that low doses of radiation may have a beneficial effect by stimulating protective
biological responses.
What is the purpose of radiation protection in medical imaging?
✔✔ To minimize patient and staff exposure to harmful radiation while obtaining diagnostic
images.
4
