Level 3 Applied Science
Unit 1 Biology: B1 Cell Structure and
Function
All known Organelles in Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells Organelles - Animal cell
Organelle Structure Function
Cell Surface Membrane -made up of phospholipid -Selectively permeable
bilayer -Allows transport and secretion of various protein
-consists of lipids and molecules such as hormones and antibodies
proteins - Acts as a protective layer of the cell and its
-contains other molecules internal structures
inside or attached such
as the protein channel
Nucleus -contains nuclear pores -holds the cell’s genome and controls cellular
-holds nearly all the cell’s activity
DNA (can be seen on the -has chromatins which becomes chromosomes
chromatin and nucleolus when mitosis occurs
-enveloped by a double -ribosomes synthesis found in the nucleolus
membrane called the -holds genetic code that can be used to
nuclear envelope manufacture proteins
-has its own fluid-like
solution inside called the
nucleoplasm
Mitochondria -oval shaped -contains the ATP synthase which produces ATP
-surrounded by a double for aerobic respiration, this is to release energy for
membrane chemical reactions inside the cell
-interior called the matrix -site of protein synthesis
and the folds called
cisternae
-contains mitochondrial
DNA and mitochondrial
ribosomes
Rough Endoplasmic -consists of flattened sacs -synthesis (ribosomes are attached on the surface
Reticulum called cisternae of RER for this function), folding, quality control, and
-appears to be rough due packaging and export of proteins
to the attached ribosomes -form vesicles for the protein to travel through the
-stacked fluid filled cytoplasm to the golgi apparatus
membranes
Ribosomes -made up of two subunits -synthesises proteins from mRNA
-Made up of ribosomal
RNA (rRNA)
-animal cells contain 80S
ribosomes
Smooth Endoplasmic -consists of flattened sacs -synthesises and transports lipids and
Reticulum called the cisternae carbohydrates
, -no ribosomes attached -also synthesises cholesterol, steroids,
-made up of a phospholipids
phospholipid membrane -stores calcium ions for the product of key enzymes
-perceived as tubular -metabolises substances such as glycogen into
membrane vesicles glucose and also metabolises drugs and toxins
-produces steroid hormones
Golgi apparatus -stack of flattened sacs -modifies proteins and packages then into secretory
called cisternae vesicles to be transported to lysosomes, plasma
surrounded by a membrane or secretion
membrane -allows imported vesicles from the RER to be
-vesicles are pinched off absorbed in the golgi body
from the end of the sacs -processes lipids in addition to proteins
(trans face)
-has a lumen where all
particles reside in and are
carried along
Lysosomes -spherical vesicle sac -Digestion of lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and
-single membrane unwanted cellular structures and particles
-contains hydrolytic
enzymes from within
Microtubules -hollow cylindrical shapes -helps determine the shape of a cell
-unique helical structure -involved in cell movements
made up of tubulin -can help separate chromosomes during cell
proteins division
-organelle movement
Peroxisome -spherical or oval shape -uses oxygen to generate hydrogen peroxide for
-surrounded by a single oxidative purposes
membrane (phospholipid -contains the enzyme catalase to break down
bilayer) excess hydrogen peroxide
-internally contains a -plays in a key role of lipid metabolism
granular matrix and a
crystalline core
-lack any DNA and
ribosomes
Cytoplasm -gel like fluid -provides the cell with its shape and structure
-holds many structures -protects the cells components and genetic material
and organelles -medium for chemical reactions to occur and the
-organised by a protein movement of molecules like vesicles between
framework called the organelles to occur
cytoskeleton -holds metabolic processes
Unit 1 Biology: B1 Cell Structure and
Function
All known Organelles in Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells Organelles - Animal cell
Organelle Structure Function
Cell Surface Membrane -made up of phospholipid -Selectively permeable
bilayer -Allows transport and secretion of various protein
-consists of lipids and molecules such as hormones and antibodies
proteins - Acts as a protective layer of the cell and its
-contains other molecules internal structures
inside or attached such
as the protein channel
Nucleus -contains nuclear pores -holds the cell’s genome and controls cellular
-holds nearly all the cell’s activity
DNA (can be seen on the -has chromatins which becomes chromosomes
chromatin and nucleolus when mitosis occurs
-enveloped by a double -ribosomes synthesis found in the nucleolus
membrane called the -holds genetic code that can be used to
nuclear envelope manufacture proteins
-has its own fluid-like
solution inside called the
nucleoplasm
Mitochondria -oval shaped -contains the ATP synthase which produces ATP
-surrounded by a double for aerobic respiration, this is to release energy for
membrane chemical reactions inside the cell
-interior called the matrix -site of protein synthesis
and the folds called
cisternae
-contains mitochondrial
DNA and mitochondrial
ribosomes
Rough Endoplasmic -consists of flattened sacs -synthesis (ribosomes are attached on the surface
Reticulum called cisternae of RER for this function), folding, quality control, and
-appears to be rough due packaging and export of proteins
to the attached ribosomes -form vesicles for the protein to travel through the
-stacked fluid filled cytoplasm to the golgi apparatus
membranes
Ribosomes -made up of two subunits -synthesises proteins from mRNA
-Made up of ribosomal
RNA (rRNA)
-animal cells contain 80S
ribosomes
Smooth Endoplasmic -consists of flattened sacs -synthesises and transports lipids and
Reticulum called the cisternae carbohydrates
, -no ribosomes attached -also synthesises cholesterol, steroids,
-made up of a phospholipids
phospholipid membrane -stores calcium ions for the product of key enzymes
-perceived as tubular -metabolises substances such as glycogen into
membrane vesicles glucose and also metabolises drugs and toxins
-produces steroid hormones
Golgi apparatus -stack of flattened sacs -modifies proteins and packages then into secretory
called cisternae vesicles to be transported to lysosomes, plasma
surrounded by a membrane or secretion
membrane -allows imported vesicles from the RER to be
-vesicles are pinched off absorbed in the golgi body
from the end of the sacs -processes lipids in addition to proteins
(trans face)
-has a lumen where all
particles reside in and are
carried along
Lysosomes -spherical vesicle sac -Digestion of lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and
-single membrane unwanted cellular structures and particles
-contains hydrolytic
enzymes from within
Microtubules -hollow cylindrical shapes -helps determine the shape of a cell
-unique helical structure -involved in cell movements
made up of tubulin -can help separate chromosomes during cell
proteins division
-organelle movement
Peroxisome -spherical or oval shape -uses oxygen to generate hydrogen peroxide for
-surrounded by a single oxidative purposes
membrane (phospholipid -contains the enzyme catalase to break down
bilayer) excess hydrogen peroxide
-internally contains a -plays in a key role of lipid metabolism
granular matrix and a
crystalline core
-lack any DNA and
ribosomes
Cytoplasm -gel like fluid -provides the cell with its shape and structure
-holds many structures -protects the cells components and genetic material
and organelles -medium for chemical reactions to occur and the
-organised by a protein movement of molecules like vesicles between
framework called the organelles to occur
cytoskeleton -holds metabolic processes
