NUR612 exam 5 questions and answers
Intracellular fluid makes up how much of the body's total water? - Correct answer -2/3
Which electrolytes are high in the intracellular fluid (ICF)? - Correct answer -potassium, magnesium,
and phosphorous
Which fluid (ICF or ECF) contains proteins that help maintain cell structure and function? - Correct
answer -ICF
Extracellular fluids contains how much of the body's total? - Correct answer -1/3
Extracellular fluid is high in which substances? - Correct answer -Sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate
What fluid (ECF or ICF) contains interstitial fluid, plasma, and transcellular fluid? - Correct answer -
ECF
What is the function of ECF? - Correct answer -provides a medium for the exchange of nutrients and
waste between cells and blood
Concentration gradient - Correct answer -the differrence in the concentration of solutes between two
areas
Diffusion - Correct answer -movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low
concentration
What drives diffusion? - Correct answer -the concentration gradient
,Osmosis - Correct answer -The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area
with low solute concentration to one with high solute concentration
isotonic solution - Correct answer -No change in cell size; water movement is balanced inside and
outside the cell
hypotonic solution - Correct answer -cells swell as water enters the cell due to a higher concentration
of solutes inside the cell
hypertonic solutions - Correct answer -cells shrink as water exits the cell because the extracellular
environment has a higher solute concentration
Sympathetic nervous system control of body water and sodium levels - Correct answer -constricts
blood vessels, increasing blood pressure and promoting sodium retention
RAAS control of body water and sodium levels - Correct answer -RAAS releases renin to convert
angiotensinogen to angiotensin I and II, causing vasoconstriction and stimulating aldosterone release,
which increases sodium and water reabsorption
ADH control of body water and sodium levels - Correct answer -ADH promotes water reabsorption in
the kidneys to maintain body fluid balance during dehydration
Relationship between ADH and Aquaporin-2 Channels - Correct answer -ADH binds to receptors in
the kidney's collecting ducts, triggering the insertion of aquaporin-2 channels into the membrane.
Aquaporin-2 channels - Correct answer -allow water to be reabsorbed back into the bloodstream,
concentrating the urine and maintaining hydration
Diabetes Insipidus (DI) pathology - Correct answer -Insufficient ADH production or kidney response,
leading to excessive water loss
, Manifestations of DI - Correct answer -Polyuria, polydipsia, dilute urine, dehydration
Treatment of DI - Correct answer -ADH replacement (desmopressin) or managing fluid intake
SIADH pathology - Correct answer -excessive release of ADH, causing water retention and dilutional
hyponatremia
SIADH manifestations - Correct answer -low urine output, concentrated urine, hyponatremia,
symptoms like headache and confusion
SIADH treatment - Correct answer -fluid restriction, salt tablets, or medications like demeclocycline to
reduce kidney response to ADH
Where is most potassium located? - Correct answer -In the ICF
What is the role of extracellular potassium? - Correct answer -nerve and muscle function
How is potassium regulated? - Correct answer -mostly by aldosterone, which promotes potassium
excretion in exchange for sodium reabsorption in the distal tubules of the kidney
Hypokalemia manifestations - Correct answer -muscle weakness, cramps, arrhythmias
Causes of hypokalemia - Correct answer -diuretics, GI losses
Hyperkalemia manifestations - Correct answer -muscle weakness, fatigue, peaked T-waves on EKG,
severe cases may lead to cardiac arrest
Causes of hyperkalemia - Correct answer -kidney dysfunction or medications affecting K+ excretion
Intracellular fluid makes up how much of the body's total water? - Correct answer -2/3
Which electrolytes are high in the intracellular fluid (ICF)? - Correct answer -potassium, magnesium,
and phosphorous
Which fluid (ICF or ECF) contains proteins that help maintain cell structure and function? - Correct
answer -ICF
Extracellular fluids contains how much of the body's total? - Correct answer -1/3
Extracellular fluid is high in which substances? - Correct answer -Sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate
What fluid (ECF or ICF) contains interstitial fluid, plasma, and transcellular fluid? - Correct answer -
ECF
What is the function of ECF? - Correct answer -provides a medium for the exchange of nutrients and
waste between cells and blood
Concentration gradient - Correct answer -the differrence in the concentration of solutes between two
areas
Diffusion - Correct answer -movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low
concentration
What drives diffusion? - Correct answer -the concentration gradient
,Osmosis - Correct answer -The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area
with low solute concentration to one with high solute concentration
isotonic solution - Correct answer -No change in cell size; water movement is balanced inside and
outside the cell
hypotonic solution - Correct answer -cells swell as water enters the cell due to a higher concentration
of solutes inside the cell
hypertonic solutions - Correct answer -cells shrink as water exits the cell because the extracellular
environment has a higher solute concentration
Sympathetic nervous system control of body water and sodium levels - Correct answer -constricts
blood vessels, increasing blood pressure and promoting sodium retention
RAAS control of body water and sodium levels - Correct answer -RAAS releases renin to convert
angiotensinogen to angiotensin I and II, causing vasoconstriction and stimulating aldosterone release,
which increases sodium and water reabsorption
ADH control of body water and sodium levels - Correct answer -ADH promotes water reabsorption in
the kidneys to maintain body fluid balance during dehydration
Relationship between ADH and Aquaporin-2 Channels - Correct answer -ADH binds to receptors in
the kidney's collecting ducts, triggering the insertion of aquaporin-2 channels into the membrane.
Aquaporin-2 channels - Correct answer -allow water to be reabsorbed back into the bloodstream,
concentrating the urine and maintaining hydration
Diabetes Insipidus (DI) pathology - Correct answer -Insufficient ADH production or kidney response,
leading to excessive water loss
, Manifestations of DI - Correct answer -Polyuria, polydipsia, dilute urine, dehydration
Treatment of DI - Correct answer -ADH replacement (desmopressin) or managing fluid intake
SIADH pathology - Correct answer -excessive release of ADH, causing water retention and dilutional
hyponatremia
SIADH manifestations - Correct answer -low urine output, concentrated urine, hyponatremia,
symptoms like headache and confusion
SIADH treatment - Correct answer -fluid restriction, salt tablets, or medications like demeclocycline to
reduce kidney response to ADH
Where is most potassium located? - Correct answer -In the ICF
What is the role of extracellular potassium? - Correct answer -nerve and muscle function
How is potassium regulated? - Correct answer -mostly by aldosterone, which promotes potassium
excretion in exchange for sodium reabsorption in the distal tubules of the kidney
Hypokalemia manifestations - Correct answer -muscle weakness, cramps, arrhythmias
Causes of hypokalemia - Correct answer -diuretics, GI losses
Hyperkalemia manifestations - Correct answer -muscle weakness, fatigue, peaked T-waves on EKG,
severe cases may lead to cardiac arrest
Causes of hyperkalemia - Correct answer -kidney dysfunction or medications affecting K+ excretion
