Criminal Policy and
Criminological
Theory:
International and
Comparative
Perspective
Prof. L. Paoli
,Inhoudsopgave
Introduction............................................................................................................ 8
Concept map of course....................................................................................... 8
Aims.................................................................................................................... 8
2 more generic aims............................................................................................ 8
Outline (of this lecture)....................................................................................... 8
Venue, time and recordings................................................................................. 9
Schedule.............................................................................................................. 9
Course materials................................................................................................. 9
Evaluation......................................................................................................... 10
Deadlines for paper/policy plans.......................................................................10
Failing score in total?......................................................................................... 10
Time budget...................................................................................................... 10
(Lecture 1) Criminal policy, criminological theory (and research) and policy
analysis: What are they about and what are the links?........................................11
What is criminal policy?..................................................................................... 11
Penal and criminal policy................................................................................ 11
Security police and governance of security....................................................11
From criminal law enforcement to criminal policy (1)........................................12
From criminal law enforcement to criminal policy (2)........................................13
The inclusion of criminal policy into security policy..........................................14
Some (provisional) conclusions.........................................................................15
Different types of theories................................................................................. 16
Criminological theories’s impact on penal/criminal policy.................................17
How best to contribute for us criminologists to criminal policy evaluation and
development?.................................................................................................... 18
Policy analysis................................................................................................... 18
Policy-relevant knowledge for 5 types of questions with 5 policy analytic
methods............................................................................................................ 19
Problems structuring is essential.......................................................................20
Different theories (may) play different roles in policy analysis/process............20
Readings............................................................................................................ 21
(Lecture 2) The five steps of policy analysis and instructions for your policy plans
............................................................................................................................. 21
Outline............................................................................................................... 21
Policy analysis: 5 phases, 5 types of questions and 5 methods........................22
Phase 1: Problem structuring............................................................................ 22
3 types of problems....................................................................................... 22
, Phases of problem structuring.......................................................................23
A variant: policy issues................................................................................... 23
Phase 2 – forecasting........................................................................................ 24
Approaches to forecasting.............................................................................. 24
Phase 3 – Prescription....................................................................................... 24
Choice is reasoned rather than rational.........................................................25
Which decision criteria should be adopted.....................................................25
Travis et al. (2014)’s normative principles for the evaluation of U.S. criminal
policies and specifically the use of incarceration...........................................26
CBA is standard methods for private sector...................................................26
Distinction between goals and objectives is important..................................27
Phase 4 – monitoring......................................................................................... 27
Policy relevant causes and effects: some key terms......................................28
6 approaches to monitoring but some common features...............................28
Phase 5 – Evaluation......................................................................................... 29
Characteristics and functions of evaluation...................................................29
Criteria for evaluation.................................................................................... 29
Approaches to evaluation............................................................................... 29
Evaluability assessment is precondition for full evaluation............................30
(Lecture 3) The principles and aims of criminal policy: The principle and aims of
criminal policy: normative reflections and evaluations.........................................30
Study and discussion questions for this class....................................................30
Outline............................................................................................................... 31
Principles and aims of criminal law and penal/criminal policy...........................31
2 main conceptions to justify criminal law and penal policy..........................31
Instrumentalist conceptions (consequentialism)............................................32
Aims of criminal policy supported by consequentialism.................................33
Legal moralism/retributivism..........................................................................33
Legal moralism persists in Europa and on paper in the US............................34
Less clear ‘aims’ for legal moralism/retributivism..........................................34
No consensus in criminal law theory or practice............................................34
How far are consequentialist aims being achieved?..........................................35
To what extent is deterrence achieved through criminalization and
punishment?.................................................................................................. 35
To what extent is deterrence achieved through policing?..............................35
To what extent is incapacitation achieved through imprisonement?..............36
What about non-penal interventions?............................................................36
How far are moralist “aim” being achieved and constraints respected?...........36
To what extent is moral education achieved?.................................................37
To what extent is retributive justice achieved? (1).........................................37
1
, To what extent is retributive justice achieved? (2).........................................38
Recent alternative approaches and discussion..................................................39
Travis et al. (2014) propose 4 normative criteria to restrain the use of
imprisonment – but no positive aim...............................................................39
Braithwaite somehow surprisingly defend deterrence…................................39
Braithwaite pleas for minimally sufficient deterrence/punishment................40
Responsive pyramid of minimally sufficient deterrence.................................40
For Braithwaite, (self)incapacitation is better than deterrence......................41
Responsive regulation inspired by values......................................................41
Braithwaite’s approach comes at a ‘cost’.......................................................42
Conclusion......................................................................................................... 42
(Lecture 4) Comparing national criminal policies: outcomes, trends and
determinants........................................................................................................ 42
Study and discussion questions for this class....................................................42
Outline............................................................................................................... 43
Comparing criminal policies: major differences in resources and outcomes.....43
Most comparative work still focuses on penal policies...................................43
Major differences in........................................................................................ 44
Changes in principles, outcomes and practices.................................................47
Expediency in addition to normative reasoning.............................................47
Changes in philosophies and purposes (1).....................................................47
Changes in philosophies and purposes (2).....................................................48
Changes in imprisonment use........................................................................48
Adoption of diversionary programs, with varying impact...............................49
Changes in prison conditions and programs..................................................50
5generalizations (Tonry, 2022).......................................................................50
Determinants of penal (criminal) policies..........................................................50
‘Risk’, ‘protective’ and ‘non-factors’...............................................................50
Assessment and conclusion............................................................................... 55
(lecture 5) Criminal policies in Japan – Crime and Criminal Policy: Police,
prosecutors and yakuza and the paradoxes of an orderly society (guest lecture of
Prof. Dimitri Vanoverbeke).................................................................................... 55
Context – Japan a society of paradoxes.............................................................55
Explaining the exceptionally low crime rate in Japan........................................56
1. Attachment................................................................................................ 56
2. Commitment.............................................................................................. 56
3. Involvement............................................................................................... 56
4. Belief.......................................................................................................... 57
The low crime rate explained............................................................................ 57
The other side of the coin.................................................................................. 58
2
Criminological
Theory:
International and
Comparative
Perspective
Prof. L. Paoli
,Inhoudsopgave
Introduction............................................................................................................ 8
Concept map of course....................................................................................... 8
Aims.................................................................................................................... 8
2 more generic aims............................................................................................ 8
Outline (of this lecture)....................................................................................... 8
Venue, time and recordings................................................................................. 9
Schedule.............................................................................................................. 9
Course materials................................................................................................. 9
Evaluation......................................................................................................... 10
Deadlines for paper/policy plans.......................................................................10
Failing score in total?......................................................................................... 10
Time budget...................................................................................................... 10
(Lecture 1) Criminal policy, criminological theory (and research) and policy
analysis: What are they about and what are the links?........................................11
What is criminal policy?..................................................................................... 11
Penal and criminal policy................................................................................ 11
Security police and governance of security....................................................11
From criminal law enforcement to criminal policy (1)........................................12
From criminal law enforcement to criminal policy (2)........................................13
The inclusion of criminal policy into security policy..........................................14
Some (provisional) conclusions.........................................................................15
Different types of theories................................................................................. 16
Criminological theories’s impact on penal/criminal policy.................................17
How best to contribute for us criminologists to criminal policy evaluation and
development?.................................................................................................... 18
Policy analysis................................................................................................... 18
Policy-relevant knowledge for 5 types of questions with 5 policy analytic
methods............................................................................................................ 19
Problems structuring is essential.......................................................................20
Different theories (may) play different roles in policy analysis/process............20
Readings............................................................................................................ 21
(Lecture 2) The five steps of policy analysis and instructions for your policy plans
............................................................................................................................. 21
Outline............................................................................................................... 21
Policy analysis: 5 phases, 5 types of questions and 5 methods........................22
Phase 1: Problem structuring............................................................................ 22
3 types of problems....................................................................................... 22
, Phases of problem structuring.......................................................................23
A variant: policy issues................................................................................... 23
Phase 2 – forecasting........................................................................................ 24
Approaches to forecasting.............................................................................. 24
Phase 3 – Prescription....................................................................................... 24
Choice is reasoned rather than rational.........................................................25
Which decision criteria should be adopted.....................................................25
Travis et al. (2014)’s normative principles for the evaluation of U.S. criminal
policies and specifically the use of incarceration...........................................26
CBA is standard methods for private sector...................................................26
Distinction between goals and objectives is important..................................27
Phase 4 – monitoring......................................................................................... 27
Policy relevant causes and effects: some key terms......................................28
6 approaches to monitoring but some common features...............................28
Phase 5 – Evaluation......................................................................................... 29
Characteristics and functions of evaluation...................................................29
Criteria for evaluation.................................................................................... 29
Approaches to evaluation............................................................................... 29
Evaluability assessment is precondition for full evaluation............................30
(Lecture 3) The principles and aims of criminal policy: The principle and aims of
criminal policy: normative reflections and evaluations.........................................30
Study and discussion questions for this class....................................................30
Outline............................................................................................................... 31
Principles and aims of criminal law and penal/criminal policy...........................31
2 main conceptions to justify criminal law and penal policy..........................31
Instrumentalist conceptions (consequentialism)............................................32
Aims of criminal policy supported by consequentialism.................................33
Legal moralism/retributivism..........................................................................33
Legal moralism persists in Europa and on paper in the US............................34
Less clear ‘aims’ for legal moralism/retributivism..........................................34
No consensus in criminal law theory or practice............................................34
How far are consequentialist aims being achieved?..........................................35
To what extent is deterrence achieved through criminalization and
punishment?.................................................................................................. 35
To what extent is deterrence achieved through policing?..............................35
To what extent is incapacitation achieved through imprisonement?..............36
What about non-penal interventions?............................................................36
How far are moralist “aim” being achieved and constraints respected?...........36
To what extent is moral education achieved?.................................................37
To what extent is retributive justice achieved? (1).........................................37
1
, To what extent is retributive justice achieved? (2).........................................38
Recent alternative approaches and discussion..................................................39
Travis et al. (2014) propose 4 normative criteria to restrain the use of
imprisonment – but no positive aim...............................................................39
Braithwaite somehow surprisingly defend deterrence…................................39
Braithwaite pleas for minimally sufficient deterrence/punishment................40
Responsive pyramid of minimally sufficient deterrence.................................40
For Braithwaite, (self)incapacitation is better than deterrence......................41
Responsive regulation inspired by values......................................................41
Braithwaite’s approach comes at a ‘cost’.......................................................42
Conclusion......................................................................................................... 42
(Lecture 4) Comparing national criminal policies: outcomes, trends and
determinants........................................................................................................ 42
Study and discussion questions for this class....................................................42
Outline............................................................................................................... 43
Comparing criminal policies: major differences in resources and outcomes.....43
Most comparative work still focuses on penal policies...................................43
Major differences in........................................................................................ 44
Changes in principles, outcomes and practices.................................................47
Expediency in addition to normative reasoning.............................................47
Changes in philosophies and purposes (1).....................................................47
Changes in philosophies and purposes (2).....................................................48
Changes in imprisonment use........................................................................48
Adoption of diversionary programs, with varying impact...............................49
Changes in prison conditions and programs..................................................50
5generalizations (Tonry, 2022).......................................................................50
Determinants of penal (criminal) policies..........................................................50
‘Risk’, ‘protective’ and ‘non-factors’...............................................................50
Assessment and conclusion............................................................................... 55
(lecture 5) Criminal policies in Japan – Crime and Criminal Policy: Police,
prosecutors and yakuza and the paradoxes of an orderly society (guest lecture of
Prof. Dimitri Vanoverbeke).................................................................................... 55
Context – Japan a society of paradoxes.............................................................55
Explaining the exceptionally low crime rate in Japan........................................56
1. Attachment................................................................................................ 56
2. Commitment.............................................................................................. 56
3. Involvement............................................................................................... 56
4. Belief.......................................................................................................... 57
The low crime rate explained............................................................................ 57
The other side of the coin.................................................................................. 58
2
