1. Which of the following is the most common cause of acute diarrhea in infants
and children?
a) Rotavirus
b) Norovirus
c) Escherichia coli
d) Salmonella
Answer: a) Rotavirus
Rationale: Rotavirus is the leading cause of viral gastroenteritis in infants and young children
worldwide.
2. A 3-year-old presents with a 2-day history of a persistent cough, wheezing, and
respiratory distress. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Acute bronchiolitis
b) Asthma
c) Acute pneumonia
d) Croup
Answer: a) Acute bronchiolitis
Rationale: Acute bronchiolitis, most commonly caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), is a
common cause of respiratory distress in infants and young children.
3. Which of the following is a key feature of the clinical presentation of
intussusception in children?
a) Painless, non-bilious vomiting
b) Intermittent abdominal pain with vomiting
c) Fever and diarrhea
d) Non-bilious projectile vomiting
Answer: b) Intermittent abdominal pain with vomiting
Rationale: Intussusception often presents with episodic abdominal pain, vomiting, and
sometimes bloody stool (red currant jelly stool). It is a common surgical emergency in children.
4. A 6-month-old infant is brought to the clinic for a well-child visit. On
examination, the child has a weak, high-pitched cry, failure to thrive, and
delayed motor development. Which of the following should be suspected?
,a) Hypothyroidism
b) Phenylketonuria
c) Down syndrome
d) Prader-Willi syndrome
Answer: c) Down syndrome
Rationale: Down syndrome is associated with hypotonia, delayed development, and a weak,
high-pitched cry in infancy. It is commonly diagnosed based on clinical presentation and genetic
testing.
5. Which of the following conditions is commonly associated with failure to thrive
in infants and children?
a) Cystic fibrosis
b) Hyperthyroidism
c) Vitamin D deficiency
d) Acute glomerulonephritis
Answer: a) Cystic fibrosis
Rationale: Cystic fibrosis can result in failure to thrive due to malabsorption, chronic lung
disease, and nutritional deficits.
6. A 2-year-old child presents with a sudden onset of a high fever, drooling, and
difficulty swallowing. On examination, the child is sitting upright and leaning
forward. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Epiglottitis
b) Croup
c) Foreign body aspiration
d) Tonsillitis
Answer: a) Epiglottitis
Rationale: Epiglottitis is a life-threatening condition that presents with fever, drooling, difficulty
swallowing, and an upright, forward-leaning position. It is most often caused by Haemophilus
influenzae type B.
7. Which of the following is the first-line treatment for an infant with mild to
moderate croup?
, a) Oral antibiotics
b) Dexamethasone
c) Epinephrine
d) Intravenous fluids
Answer: b) Dexamethasone
Rationale: Dexamethasone is the first-line treatment for croup to reduce inflammation and
symptoms such as stridor.
8. A 5-year-old child presents with a red, raised rash on the face, neck, and chest,
along with a fever and sore throat. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Measles
b) Scarlet fever
c) Rubella
d) Chickenpox
Answer: b) Scarlet fever
Rationale: Scarlet fever, caused by group A Streptococcus, presents with a sandpaper-like rash,
fever, and a sore throat, often following a throat infection.
9. Which of the following is the most common congenital heart defect in
children?
a) Atrial septal defect (ASD)
b) Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
c) Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
d) Tetralogy of Fallot
Answer: b) Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
Rationale: VSD is the most common congenital heart defect, leading to left-to-right shunting of
blood, and it can present with heart murmurs and signs of heart failure.
10. A 4-year-old boy presents with a limp, fever, and localized joint pain in his
right hip. The child has no history of trauma. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Septic arthritis
b) Transient synovitis
and children?
a) Rotavirus
b) Norovirus
c) Escherichia coli
d) Salmonella
Answer: a) Rotavirus
Rationale: Rotavirus is the leading cause of viral gastroenteritis in infants and young children
worldwide.
2. A 3-year-old presents with a 2-day history of a persistent cough, wheezing, and
respiratory distress. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Acute bronchiolitis
b) Asthma
c) Acute pneumonia
d) Croup
Answer: a) Acute bronchiolitis
Rationale: Acute bronchiolitis, most commonly caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), is a
common cause of respiratory distress in infants and young children.
3. Which of the following is a key feature of the clinical presentation of
intussusception in children?
a) Painless, non-bilious vomiting
b) Intermittent abdominal pain with vomiting
c) Fever and diarrhea
d) Non-bilious projectile vomiting
Answer: b) Intermittent abdominal pain with vomiting
Rationale: Intussusception often presents with episodic abdominal pain, vomiting, and
sometimes bloody stool (red currant jelly stool). It is a common surgical emergency in children.
4. A 6-month-old infant is brought to the clinic for a well-child visit. On
examination, the child has a weak, high-pitched cry, failure to thrive, and
delayed motor development. Which of the following should be suspected?
,a) Hypothyroidism
b) Phenylketonuria
c) Down syndrome
d) Prader-Willi syndrome
Answer: c) Down syndrome
Rationale: Down syndrome is associated with hypotonia, delayed development, and a weak,
high-pitched cry in infancy. It is commonly diagnosed based on clinical presentation and genetic
testing.
5. Which of the following conditions is commonly associated with failure to thrive
in infants and children?
a) Cystic fibrosis
b) Hyperthyroidism
c) Vitamin D deficiency
d) Acute glomerulonephritis
Answer: a) Cystic fibrosis
Rationale: Cystic fibrosis can result in failure to thrive due to malabsorption, chronic lung
disease, and nutritional deficits.
6. A 2-year-old child presents with a sudden onset of a high fever, drooling, and
difficulty swallowing. On examination, the child is sitting upright and leaning
forward. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Epiglottitis
b) Croup
c) Foreign body aspiration
d) Tonsillitis
Answer: a) Epiglottitis
Rationale: Epiglottitis is a life-threatening condition that presents with fever, drooling, difficulty
swallowing, and an upright, forward-leaning position. It is most often caused by Haemophilus
influenzae type B.
7. Which of the following is the first-line treatment for an infant with mild to
moderate croup?
, a) Oral antibiotics
b) Dexamethasone
c) Epinephrine
d) Intravenous fluids
Answer: b) Dexamethasone
Rationale: Dexamethasone is the first-line treatment for croup to reduce inflammation and
symptoms such as stridor.
8. A 5-year-old child presents with a red, raised rash on the face, neck, and chest,
along with a fever and sore throat. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Measles
b) Scarlet fever
c) Rubella
d) Chickenpox
Answer: b) Scarlet fever
Rationale: Scarlet fever, caused by group A Streptococcus, presents with a sandpaper-like rash,
fever, and a sore throat, often following a throat infection.
9. Which of the following is the most common congenital heart defect in
children?
a) Atrial septal defect (ASD)
b) Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
c) Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
d) Tetralogy of Fallot
Answer: b) Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
Rationale: VSD is the most common congenital heart defect, leading to left-to-right shunting of
blood, and it can present with heart murmurs and signs of heart failure.
10. A 4-year-old boy presents with a limp, fever, and localized joint pain in his
right hip. The child has no history of trauma. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Septic arthritis
b) Transient synovitis
