Comprehensive Review for Nursing Final
Exam Correctly Solved Graded A+
Beta Blockers - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Can cause bronchospasm, end in -olol, check
blood pressure and pulse before administration.
Non-selective beta blockers - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Most likely to cause
bronchospasm; examples include Propranolol, Timolol, Nadolol.
ACE Inhibitors - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅End in -pril; examples include Captopril,
Enalapril, Lisinopril; side effects include angioedema, chronic dry cough, elevated potassium.
Nitroglycerin - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Improves blood flow to heart, decreases anginal
pain; ask males about use of erectile dysfunction medications within the past 24 hours.
Digoxin - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Slows and strengthens the heart; monitor for
bradycardia or tachycardia, arrhythmias, anorexia, vision changes (halos classic).
Statins - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Lower cholesterol by decreasing production of
cholesterol by the liver; serious side effects include rhabdomyolysis and liver damage.
Heparin, Warfarin - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Anticoagulants that prevent extension of
existing clots and formation of new clots; do not dissolve clots.
Oral hypoglycemics - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Glipizide increases insulin production
and can cause hypoglycemia; Metformin decreases cellular resistance and may need to be held
before and after contrast dye tests.
Rapid Acting Insulin - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Includes Aspart, Glulisine, Lispro; onset
of action is 15 minutes or less, peak is 30-90 minutes, duration is 1-3 hours.
,Regular Insulin - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Includes Novolin-R, Humulin-R; onset of
action is 30 minutes, peak is 2-5 hours, duration is 5-8 hours.
Diabetes Type 1 - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Requires small, frequent meals with about the
same amount of carbohydrates each meal, eaten at the same time each day.
Diabetes Type 2 - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Involves healthy eating plans, well-rounded
diet, portion and calorie control.
Cardiac Diet - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Low fat, low calorie, high fiber, low salt.
COPD Diet - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Small, frequent meals; increase protein and
potassium; low sodium, low to moderate carbohydrates.
GERD Diet - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Small, frequent meals; avoid gastric irritants and
foods that loosen pyloric sphincter.
Hypothyroidism Diet - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅High fiber, low-fat, low calorie.
Hyperthyroidism Diet - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅High calorie, easy to eat, nutrient dense.
Methods of Prioritization - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Include ABCs, acute vs chronic,
expected vs unexpected, least invasive to most invasive, nursing process, time sensitive vs time
flexible.
Social Determinants of Health - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Include income, housing,
community, language barriers, education/health literacy, accessibility of healthcare, insurance,
availability of nutritious food, transportation.
Ethical Principles - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Include autonomy, beneficence, non-
maleficence, fidelity.
, Surgical Complications - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Include atelectasis, pain, DVT, acute
kidney injury, paralytic ileus, nausea, vomiting, skin breakdown.
Preventing post-operative complications - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Includes early
ambulation, turn, cough and deep breathe, incentive spirometry, adequate hydration, pain
control.
Respiratory Alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅pH above 7.45, PaCO2 below 35;
etiology includes hyperventilation; treatment involves encouraging slow, steady breathing.
Respiratory Acidosis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅pH below 7.35, PaCO2 above 45;
etiology includes hypoventilation; treatment includes CPAP, biPap, mechanical ventilation.
Fluid Volume Deficit - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Risk factors include vomiting, diarrhea,
wound drainage; signs include dry skin, decreased urine output, orthostatic hypotension.
Fluid Overload - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Findings include elevated blood pressure,
bounding pulse, dyspnea; interventions include elevating HOB, administering diuretics.
Hyponatremia - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Risk factors include fluid overload; findings
include confusion, seizures; interventions include fluid restrictions, hypertonic saline.
Hypokalemia - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Risk factors include vomiting, diarrhea; findings
include constipation, muscle weakness; interventions include high potassium foods.
Hyperkalemia - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Risk factors include renal failure; findings
include muscle weakness, cardiac arrhythmias; interventions include low potassium diet.
Hypomagnesemia - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Major risk factors include alcoholism;
findings include paresthesia; treatment for tetany includes IV calcium gluconate.
Exam Correctly Solved Graded A+
Beta Blockers - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Can cause bronchospasm, end in -olol, check
blood pressure and pulse before administration.
Non-selective beta blockers - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Most likely to cause
bronchospasm; examples include Propranolol, Timolol, Nadolol.
ACE Inhibitors - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅End in -pril; examples include Captopril,
Enalapril, Lisinopril; side effects include angioedema, chronic dry cough, elevated potassium.
Nitroglycerin - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Improves blood flow to heart, decreases anginal
pain; ask males about use of erectile dysfunction medications within the past 24 hours.
Digoxin - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Slows and strengthens the heart; monitor for
bradycardia or tachycardia, arrhythmias, anorexia, vision changes (halos classic).
Statins - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Lower cholesterol by decreasing production of
cholesterol by the liver; serious side effects include rhabdomyolysis and liver damage.
Heparin, Warfarin - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Anticoagulants that prevent extension of
existing clots and formation of new clots; do not dissolve clots.
Oral hypoglycemics - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Glipizide increases insulin production
and can cause hypoglycemia; Metformin decreases cellular resistance and may need to be held
before and after contrast dye tests.
Rapid Acting Insulin - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Includes Aspart, Glulisine, Lispro; onset
of action is 15 minutes or less, peak is 30-90 minutes, duration is 1-3 hours.
,Regular Insulin - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Includes Novolin-R, Humulin-R; onset of
action is 30 minutes, peak is 2-5 hours, duration is 5-8 hours.
Diabetes Type 1 - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Requires small, frequent meals with about the
same amount of carbohydrates each meal, eaten at the same time each day.
Diabetes Type 2 - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Involves healthy eating plans, well-rounded
diet, portion and calorie control.
Cardiac Diet - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Low fat, low calorie, high fiber, low salt.
COPD Diet - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Small, frequent meals; increase protein and
potassium; low sodium, low to moderate carbohydrates.
GERD Diet - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Small, frequent meals; avoid gastric irritants and
foods that loosen pyloric sphincter.
Hypothyroidism Diet - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅High fiber, low-fat, low calorie.
Hyperthyroidism Diet - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅High calorie, easy to eat, nutrient dense.
Methods of Prioritization - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Include ABCs, acute vs chronic,
expected vs unexpected, least invasive to most invasive, nursing process, time sensitive vs time
flexible.
Social Determinants of Health - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Include income, housing,
community, language barriers, education/health literacy, accessibility of healthcare, insurance,
availability of nutritious food, transportation.
Ethical Principles - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Include autonomy, beneficence, non-
maleficence, fidelity.
, Surgical Complications - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Include atelectasis, pain, DVT, acute
kidney injury, paralytic ileus, nausea, vomiting, skin breakdown.
Preventing post-operative complications - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Includes early
ambulation, turn, cough and deep breathe, incentive spirometry, adequate hydration, pain
control.
Respiratory Alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅pH above 7.45, PaCO2 below 35;
etiology includes hyperventilation; treatment involves encouraging slow, steady breathing.
Respiratory Acidosis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅pH below 7.35, PaCO2 above 45;
etiology includes hypoventilation; treatment includes CPAP, biPap, mechanical ventilation.
Fluid Volume Deficit - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Risk factors include vomiting, diarrhea,
wound drainage; signs include dry skin, decreased urine output, orthostatic hypotension.
Fluid Overload - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Findings include elevated blood pressure,
bounding pulse, dyspnea; interventions include elevating HOB, administering diuretics.
Hyponatremia - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Risk factors include fluid overload; findings
include confusion, seizures; interventions include fluid restrictions, hypertonic saline.
Hypokalemia - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Risk factors include vomiting, diarrhea; findings
include constipation, muscle weakness; interventions include high potassium foods.
Hyperkalemia - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Risk factors include renal failure; findings
include muscle weakness, cardiac arrhythmias; interventions include low potassium diet.
Hypomagnesemia - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Major risk factors include alcoholism;
findings include paresthesia; treatment for tetany includes IV calcium gluconate.
