WGU D094 TEST 1 REVIEW
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs LEVEL 1
Biological and Physiological needs: basic life needs - air, food, drink, shelter, warmth,
sex, sleep, etc.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs LEVEL 2
Safety Needs: protection, security, order, law, limits, stability, etc.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs LEVEL 3
Belongingness and Love needs: family, affection, relationships, work group, etc.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs LEVEL 4
Esteem needs: achievement, status, responsibility, reputation
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs LEVEL 5
Cognitive needs: knowledge, meaning, self-awareness
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs LEVEL 6
Aesthetic needs: beauty, balance, form, etc.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs LEVEL 7
Self-actualization: personal growth, self-fulfillment
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs LEVEL 8
Transcendence: helping others to self-actualize
Stages of Physical Development
INFANCY (Birth - 2 years)
INFANTS: hold heads up, roll over, reach for things, sit, crawl, begin to walk, increased
coordination, manipulate objects with hands
BY AGE 2:
feed themselves with hands, jump and run awkwardly, throw a ball, pull a zipper down,
make a tower of blocks
Stages of Physical Development
EARLY CHILDHOOD (2 - 6 years)
TODDLERS: love to run, hop, tumble, play, swing, jigsaw puzzles, string beads, fine
motor skills begin developing
BY AGE 4: print name, eats with utensils, dress and undress self
Stages of Physical Development
MIDDLE CHILDHOOD (6 - 10 years)
slow, steady weight gain, speed and coordination improve, begin organized sports
BY AGE 10: improved writing skills, engages in organized sports
Stages of Physical Development
ADOLESCENCE (10 - 18 years)
weight and heigh increase, girls typically begin puberty before boys
BY LATE ADOLESCENCE:
boys are typically taller and more muscular than girls of the same age, girls' physical
growth slows, boys may grow into early adulthood
,Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
STAGE 1
SENSIORIMOTOR
- Birth to 2 years
- Babies = 5 senses and gross motor skills. Objective permeance by the end of the
stage
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
STAGE 2
PREOPERATIONAL
- 2 to 7 years
- Pre = Preschoolers = illogical, egocentric
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
STAGE 3
CONCRETE OPERATIONAL
- 7 to 11 years
- Grade Schoolers = Factual. They like concrete hands-on activities
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
STAGE 4
FORMAL OPERATIONAL
- 11 years and older
- Think abstractly and use hypotheses
The Basic Principles of Piaget's Theory
- Assimilation: New information comes in and it is the same/similar to previous
information. You just add to your scheme. The s in assimilation stands for the same.
- Accommodation: New information comes in and is different than previous schemes.
You have to change your scheme. The c in accommodation stands for change.
MKO (Vygotsky)
More Knowledgeable Other (MKO) - According to Vygotsky we learn through
socialization with a More Knowledgeable Other (an adult, older child, or more
knowledgeable peer).
Zone of Proximal Development (Vygotsky)
Zone of Proximal Development - The just right place to teach a child. Not too hard, not
too easy. They need a little support (scaffolding) from the teacher. Think of first and
second grade reading groups - these groups are placing the students in their zone of
proximal development.
Scaffolding (Vygotsky)
Scaffolding - Supporting the students in their learning. Asking leading questions,
providing hints, clues, without directly giving students the answer.
3 Types of Speech (Vygotsky)
1. Social Speech - When we talk to others
2. Private Speech - When we talk out loud to ourselves. This occurs between ages 3-7.
A child cannot speak quietly inside his/her head.
3. Silent Inner Speech - When we talk inside our head. No one can hear our private
inner thoughts.
, Erickson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
TRUST VS. MISTRUST
(birth to 1 year) - Learning that a care giver will meet the baby's needs
Erickson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
AUTONOMY VS. SHAME AND DOUBT
(1 to 3 years) - The me do stage - Pick this choice when the child insists on doing
something in the scenario.
Erickson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
INITIATIVE VS. GUILT
(3 to 6 years) - Pick this choice when the scenario mentions exploration.
Erickson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY
(6 - 12 years - grade schoolers) At this stage we want to provide positive reinforcement
to students. Focus on their strengths. Help everyone to be successful.
Erickson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
IDENTITY VS. ROLE CONFUSION
(12 - 18 years -middle and high schoolers) The adolescents is trying to figure out what
they want to do with their lives.
Erickson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
INTIMACY VS. ISOLATION
(20s through early 40s)- Finding a partner and friends. Having people, you can count on
and not feeling alone.
Bandura's Theory of Observational and Modeling Learning
- Social Learning = Social Cognitivism
- Modeling and Emulation - "Bobo Doll Experiment" - "Monkey see, Monkey do" - You
watch someone model a behavior and then try and emulate (copy) it.
Bandura's Theory of Observational and Modeling Learning
3 TYPES OF MODELS
3 Kinds of Models
1. live - demonstrates behavior in person
2. verbal - explain or describe behavior
3. symbolic - books, movies, tv, video games, etc.
Bandura's Theory of Observational and Modeling Learning
FOR LEARNING TO BE SUCCESSFUL
For Learning (emulation) to be successful:
1. Attention- Focus, pay attention
2. Retention - Remember it
3. Reproduction - Be able to perform it
4. Motivation - Want to copy the model
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
PRECONVENTIONAL
Preconventional- When you follow rule because there is either a punishment or reward
(Instrumental Relativist). Take the PRE in Preconventional. The P stands for
punishment and the re stands for reward.
Stage 1: Punishment-obedience orientation
Stage 2: Instrumental orientation
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs LEVEL 1
Biological and Physiological needs: basic life needs - air, food, drink, shelter, warmth,
sex, sleep, etc.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs LEVEL 2
Safety Needs: protection, security, order, law, limits, stability, etc.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs LEVEL 3
Belongingness and Love needs: family, affection, relationships, work group, etc.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs LEVEL 4
Esteem needs: achievement, status, responsibility, reputation
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs LEVEL 5
Cognitive needs: knowledge, meaning, self-awareness
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs LEVEL 6
Aesthetic needs: beauty, balance, form, etc.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs LEVEL 7
Self-actualization: personal growth, self-fulfillment
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs LEVEL 8
Transcendence: helping others to self-actualize
Stages of Physical Development
INFANCY (Birth - 2 years)
INFANTS: hold heads up, roll over, reach for things, sit, crawl, begin to walk, increased
coordination, manipulate objects with hands
BY AGE 2:
feed themselves with hands, jump and run awkwardly, throw a ball, pull a zipper down,
make a tower of blocks
Stages of Physical Development
EARLY CHILDHOOD (2 - 6 years)
TODDLERS: love to run, hop, tumble, play, swing, jigsaw puzzles, string beads, fine
motor skills begin developing
BY AGE 4: print name, eats with utensils, dress and undress self
Stages of Physical Development
MIDDLE CHILDHOOD (6 - 10 years)
slow, steady weight gain, speed and coordination improve, begin organized sports
BY AGE 10: improved writing skills, engages in organized sports
Stages of Physical Development
ADOLESCENCE (10 - 18 years)
weight and heigh increase, girls typically begin puberty before boys
BY LATE ADOLESCENCE:
boys are typically taller and more muscular than girls of the same age, girls' physical
growth slows, boys may grow into early adulthood
,Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
STAGE 1
SENSIORIMOTOR
- Birth to 2 years
- Babies = 5 senses and gross motor skills. Objective permeance by the end of the
stage
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
STAGE 2
PREOPERATIONAL
- 2 to 7 years
- Pre = Preschoolers = illogical, egocentric
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
STAGE 3
CONCRETE OPERATIONAL
- 7 to 11 years
- Grade Schoolers = Factual. They like concrete hands-on activities
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
STAGE 4
FORMAL OPERATIONAL
- 11 years and older
- Think abstractly and use hypotheses
The Basic Principles of Piaget's Theory
- Assimilation: New information comes in and it is the same/similar to previous
information. You just add to your scheme. The s in assimilation stands for the same.
- Accommodation: New information comes in and is different than previous schemes.
You have to change your scheme. The c in accommodation stands for change.
MKO (Vygotsky)
More Knowledgeable Other (MKO) - According to Vygotsky we learn through
socialization with a More Knowledgeable Other (an adult, older child, or more
knowledgeable peer).
Zone of Proximal Development (Vygotsky)
Zone of Proximal Development - The just right place to teach a child. Not too hard, not
too easy. They need a little support (scaffolding) from the teacher. Think of first and
second grade reading groups - these groups are placing the students in their zone of
proximal development.
Scaffolding (Vygotsky)
Scaffolding - Supporting the students in their learning. Asking leading questions,
providing hints, clues, without directly giving students the answer.
3 Types of Speech (Vygotsky)
1. Social Speech - When we talk to others
2. Private Speech - When we talk out loud to ourselves. This occurs between ages 3-7.
A child cannot speak quietly inside his/her head.
3. Silent Inner Speech - When we talk inside our head. No one can hear our private
inner thoughts.
, Erickson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
TRUST VS. MISTRUST
(birth to 1 year) - Learning that a care giver will meet the baby's needs
Erickson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
AUTONOMY VS. SHAME AND DOUBT
(1 to 3 years) - The me do stage - Pick this choice when the child insists on doing
something in the scenario.
Erickson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
INITIATIVE VS. GUILT
(3 to 6 years) - Pick this choice when the scenario mentions exploration.
Erickson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY
(6 - 12 years - grade schoolers) At this stage we want to provide positive reinforcement
to students. Focus on their strengths. Help everyone to be successful.
Erickson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
IDENTITY VS. ROLE CONFUSION
(12 - 18 years -middle and high schoolers) The adolescents is trying to figure out what
they want to do with their lives.
Erickson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
INTIMACY VS. ISOLATION
(20s through early 40s)- Finding a partner and friends. Having people, you can count on
and not feeling alone.
Bandura's Theory of Observational and Modeling Learning
- Social Learning = Social Cognitivism
- Modeling and Emulation - "Bobo Doll Experiment" - "Monkey see, Monkey do" - You
watch someone model a behavior and then try and emulate (copy) it.
Bandura's Theory of Observational and Modeling Learning
3 TYPES OF MODELS
3 Kinds of Models
1. live - demonstrates behavior in person
2. verbal - explain or describe behavior
3. symbolic - books, movies, tv, video games, etc.
Bandura's Theory of Observational and Modeling Learning
FOR LEARNING TO BE SUCCESSFUL
For Learning (emulation) to be successful:
1. Attention- Focus, pay attention
2. Retention - Remember it
3. Reproduction - Be able to perform it
4. Motivation - Want to copy the model
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
PRECONVENTIONAL
Preconventional- When you follow rule because there is either a punishment or reward
(Instrumental Relativist). Take the PRE in Preconventional. The P stands for
punishment and the re stands for reward.
Stage 1: Punishment-obedience orientation
Stage 2: Instrumental orientation
