Group |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔: |A |collection |of |individuals |who |have |relations |to |one
|another |that |make |them |interdependent |to |some |significant |degree
Evolutionary |perspectives |group: |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔Protection |from |predators
Efficiency |in |acquiring |group
Assistance |with |rearing |children
Defense |against |aggressors
Norman |Triplett |(1898) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔Examine |speed |records |put |out |by |the
|racing |board |of |the |League |of |American |Wheelman
Noticed |that |fastest |times |were |recoded |when |cyclists |compete |directly |against |one |another
|on |the |same |track |at |the |same |time.
Much |slower |speed |when |cyclists |raced |alone |against |the |clock. |
40 |Children |invited |to |his |lab
Had |them |run |fishing |reel |as |fast |as |they |could
3 |trials |alone |and |3 |trials |with |others |doing |the |same |thing
Results:
Children |tended |to |turn |the |reel |faster |when |in |the |presence |of |other |children.
Zajonc's |theory |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔Mere |presence |of |others |tends |to |facilitate
|performance |on |simple |or |well-learned |task, |but |hinder |performance |on |difficult |or |novel |task
,Three |components |of |Zajonc's |theory |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔1. |The |mere |presence
|of |others |make |a |person |more |aroused.
Other |people |around |me |are |'unpredictable', |I |need |to |be |alert...
2. |Arousal |tends |to |make |a |person |more |likely |to |make |a |dominant |response
Dominant |response: |what |one's |already |automatically |inclined |to |do.
3. |Increase |in |dominant |response |tendencies |facilitate |simple |tasks |and |inhibit/impair |complex
|tasks.
For |easy |or |well-learned |tasks, |the |dominant |response |is |likely |to |be |the |correct |response.
The |Cockroach |Study |(Zajonc |et |al, |1969) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔Placed |cockroaches
|in |the |start |box |of |one |of |two |mazes |and |then |shone |a |light |at |the |start |box
Cockroaches |instinctively |flee |from |light |their |dominant |responses.
Simple |maze |or |complex |maze
Run |alone |or |co-acting |with |other |cockroaches |
Social |facilitation |effects |also |occur |widely |in |the |animal |kingdom. |Similar |to |humans, |these
|cockroaches |also |were |were |faster |in |the |presence |of |others |for |simple |tasks, |but |slower |in
|the |presence |of |others |for |difficult |tasks.
Pool |players |(Michaels |et |al., |1982) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔Secretly |code |participants
|as |either |skilled |or |unskilled |pool |players
During |their |play, |researcher |then |walked |up |to |the |pool |table |and |watched |them
Skilled |players |started |player |Better
Unskilled |players |started |playing |Worse
,Evaluation |Apprehension |study |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔\
Markus |(1978) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔Participants |told |to |go |into |an |adjoining |room
|to |wait |for |other |participants |to |arrive
While |they |were |in |there, |had |to |put |on |"special |experiment |gear"
Take |off |shoes
Put |oversized |socks |on |top |of |own |socks
Put |oversized |lab |shoes |on
Put |oversized |lab |coat |on
After |10 |minutes |experimenter |came |back |and |stated |that |the |other |participants |were
|apparently |not |coming, |so |participants |now |have |to
Take |oversized |socks |off
Take |oversized |lab |off
Take |oversized |lab |coat |off
Put |their |shoes |back |on
Novel |task:
Put |on |and |take |off |experimental |gears
Well-learned |task:
Put |on |and |take |off |their |own |shoe
faster |at |putting |on |shoes |slower |at |taking |off |lab |equipment
Distraction-Conflict |Theory |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔Awareness |of |another |person's
|presence |creates |a |conflict |between |attending |to |the |person |and |the |task
, We |will |nonetheless |uncontrollably |attend |to |other |person |(hence |reduce |our |attention |put |on
|the |current |task)
If |the |task |is |well-learned, |decreased |attention |to |the |task |leads |to |good |dominant |response
|(probably |because |it |is |automatic)
But |if |the |task |is |novel |or |difficult, |decreased |attention |leads |to |poor |dominant |response.
Social |loafing |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔The |tendency |to |exert |less |effort |when |working
|on |a |group |task |in |which |individual |contributions |cannot |be |monitored. |
Reduced |in |participants |who |are |more |interdependent
Women |social |loaf |less |than |men
East |Asians |social |loaf |less |than |Westerners
Groupthink |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔A |style |of |thinking |in |which |maintaining |group
|cohesiveness |and |solidarity |is |more |important |than |considering |facts |in |a |rational, |realistic
|manner.
antecedents |for |groupthink |to |happen: |8 |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔Group |needs |to |be
|highly |cohesive
There's |no |other |groups |(with |equal |status/power) |- |insulation
Cut |off |from |outside |input
Lack |of |procedures |for |information |search |and |appraisal
Directive |leadership
High |stress
In |that |groups |seek |the |reassurance |and |comfort |of |premature |or |illusory |consensus
Low |hope |to |finding |a |better |solution |than |one |favored |by |the |leader
symptoms |of |groupthink |8 |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔Illusion |of |invulnerability
|another |that |make |them |interdependent |to |some |significant |degree
Evolutionary |perspectives |group: |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔Protection |from |predators
Efficiency |in |acquiring |group
Assistance |with |rearing |children
Defense |against |aggressors
Norman |Triplett |(1898) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔Examine |speed |records |put |out |by |the
|racing |board |of |the |League |of |American |Wheelman
Noticed |that |fastest |times |were |recoded |when |cyclists |compete |directly |against |one |another
|on |the |same |track |at |the |same |time.
Much |slower |speed |when |cyclists |raced |alone |against |the |clock. |
40 |Children |invited |to |his |lab
Had |them |run |fishing |reel |as |fast |as |they |could
3 |trials |alone |and |3 |trials |with |others |doing |the |same |thing
Results:
Children |tended |to |turn |the |reel |faster |when |in |the |presence |of |other |children.
Zajonc's |theory |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔Mere |presence |of |others |tends |to |facilitate
|performance |on |simple |or |well-learned |task, |but |hinder |performance |on |difficult |or |novel |task
,Three |components |of |Zajonc's |theory |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔1. |The |mere |presence
|of |others |make |a |person |more |aroused.
Other |people |around |me |are |'unpredictable', |I |need |to |be |alert...
2. |Arousal |tends |to |make |a |person |more |likely |to |make |a |dominant |response
Dominant |response: |what |one's |already |automatically |inclined |to |do.
3. |Increase |in |dominant |response |tendencies |facilitate |simple |tasks |and |inhibit/impair |complex
|tasks.
For |easy |or |well-learned |tasks, |the |dominant |response |is |likely |to |be |the |correct |response.
The |Cockroach |Study |(Zajonc |et |al, |1969) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔Placed |cockroaches
|in |the |start |box |of |one |of |two |mazes |and |then |shone |a |light |at |the |start |box
Cockroaches |instinctively |flee |from |light |their |dominant |responses.
Simple |maze |or |complex |maze
Run |alone |or |co-acting |with |other |cockroaches |
Social |facilitation |effects |also |occur |widely |in |the |animal |kingdom. |Similar |to |humans, |these
|cockroaches |also |were |were |faster |in |the |presence |of |others |for |simple |tasks, |but |slower |in
|the |presence |of |others |for |difficult |tasks.
Pool |players |(Michaels |et |al., |1982) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔Secretly |code |participants
|as |either |skilled |or |unskilled |pool |players
During |their |play, |researcher |then |walked |up |to |the |pool |table |and |watched |them
Skilled |players |started |player |Better
Unskilled |players |started |playing |Worse
,Evaluation |Apprehension |study |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔\
Markus |(1978) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔Participants |told |to |go |into |an |adjoining |room
|to |wait |for |other |participants |to |arrive
While |they |were |in |there, |had |to |put |on |"special |experiment |gear"
Take |off |shoes
Put |oversized |socks |on |top |of |own |socks
Put |oversized |lab |shoes |on
Put |oversized |lab |coat |on
After |10 |minutes |experimenter |came |back |and |stated |that |the |other |participants |were
|apparently |not |coming, |so |participants |now |have |to
Take |oversized |socks |off
Take |oversized |lab |off
Take |oversized |lab |coat |off
Put |their |shoes |back |on
Novel |task:
Put |on |and |take |off |experimental |gears
Well-learned |task:
Put |on |and |take |off |their |own |shoe
faster |at |putting |on |shoes |slower |at |taking |off |lab |equipment
Distraction-Conflict |Theory |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔Awareness |of |another |person's
|presence |creates |a |conflict |between |attending |to |the |person |and |the |task
, We |will |nonetheless |uncontrollably |attend |to |other |person |(hence |reduce |our |attention |put |on
|the |current |task)
If |the |task |is |well-learned, |decreased |attention |to |the |task |leads |to |good |dominant |response
|(probably |because |it |is |automatic)
But |if |the |task |is |novel |or |difficult, |decreased |attention |leads |to |poor |dominant |response.
Social |loafing |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔The |tendency |to |exert |less |effort |when |working
|on |a |group |task |in |which |individual |contributions |cannot |be |monitored. |
Reduced |in |participants |who |are |more |interdependent
Women |social |loaf |less |than |men
East |Asians |social |loaf |less |than |Westerners
Groupthink |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔A |style |of |thinking |in |which |maintaining |group
|cohesiveness |and |solidarity |is |more |important |than |considering |facts |in |a |rational, |realistic
|manner.
antecedents |for |groupthink |to |happen: |8 |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔Group |needs |to |be
|highly |cohesive
There's |no |other |groups |(with |equal |status/power) |- |insulation
Cut |off |from |outside |input
Lack |of |procedures |for |information |search |and |appraisal
Directive |leadership
High |stress
In |that |groups |seek |the |reassurance |and |comfort |of |premature |or |illusory |consensus
Low |hope |to |finding |a |better |solution |than |one |favored |by |the |leader
symptoms |of |groupthink |8 |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔Illusion |of |invulnerability
