Introduction to Biological
Anthropology: Exam 1 Questions
and Answers 100% Pass
Anthropology - ✔✔the study of human culture, diversity, and evolution
Cultural Antropology - ✔✔ethnography, urban, medical, economic, applied
Physical Anthropology - ✔✔paleoanthropology, paleoprimatology, genetics,
primatology, forensics, paleopathology
Linguistics - ✔✔unto itself!
Archeology - ✔✔prehistoric, historical, cultural resource management
Aristotle - ✔✔-4th century BC
-great chain of being
-there is a progressive order from "lower" to "higher" organisms
Plato - ✔✔created essentialism
Essentialism - ✔✔-things have a set of unchanging
Emily Charlene © All Rights Reserved 2025. 1
,characteristics that make them what they are
-variation among things is just unimportant deviation from the
"essence"
Beliefs prior to the 1830s - ✔✔1. Species are composed of similar individuals sharing the
same essence.
2. Species are separated from one another by well-defined discontinuities.
3. Species are constant through time (i.e., fixed, immutable).
4. There are stringent limitations to the possible variation of any one species.
Teleology - ✔✔argument from design
Archbishop James Ussher - ✔✔-1650
-used annals fo the Old Testament to deduce the first origin of the world
-thought the Earth was created in 4004 BC
-ptolomeic cosmology
-earth is the center of everything
Copernicus - ✔✔-1514
-he believed the Sun centered the solar system
-no one believed him though
Emily Charlene © All Rights Reserved 2025. 2
, Galileo - ✔✔-early 1600s
-repeated Copernican ideas; confrontation with the church led to house arrest
John Ray - ✔✔-1627-1705
-concept of genus and species
-recognized reproductive continuity and isolation as basic characters of a species
Carolus Linnaeus - ✔✔-1707-1778
-father of Taxonomy and Systematics
-published the Systema Naturae in 1735
-formalized bionomial system (genus and species)
Linnean hierarchy - ✔✔-Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
-classified Homo sapiens as an animal
-believed in fixity of species
Compte de Buffon (Georges Louis LeClerc) - ✔✔-1707-1788
-believed animals change in response to their environment
-no purpose, no direction, no change in nature
-rejected idea of transmutation of species
Emily Charlene © All Rights Reserved 2025. 3
Anthropology: Exam 1 Questions
and Answers 100% Pass
Anthropology - ✔✔the study of human culture, diversity, and evolution
Cultural Antropology - ✔✔ethnography, urban, medical, economic, applied
Physical Anthropology - ✔✔paleoanthropology, paleoprimatology, genetics,
primatology, forensics, paleopathology
Linguistics - ✔✔unto itself!
Archeology - ✔✔prehistoric, historical, cultural resource management
Aristotle - ✔✔-4th century BC
-great chain of being
-there is a progressive order from "lower" to "higher" organisms
Plato - ✔✔created essentialism
Essentialism - ✔✔-things have a set of unchanging
Emily Charlene © All Rights Reserved 2025. 1
,characteristics that make them what they are
-variation among things is just unimportant deviation from the
"essence"
Beliefs prior to the 1830s - ✔✔1. Species are composed of similar individuals sharing the
same essence.
2. Species are separated from one another by well-defined discontinuities.
3. Species are constant through time (i.e., fixed, immutable).
4. There are stringent limitations to the possible variation of any one species.
Teleology - ✔✔argument from design
Archbishop James Ussher - ✔✔-1650
-used annals fo the Old Testament to deduce the first origin of the world
-thought the Earth was created in 4004 BC
-ptolomeic cosmology
-earth is the center of everything
Copernicus - ✔✔-1514
-he believed the Sun centered the solar system
-no one believed him though
Emily Charlene © All Rights Reserved 2025. 2
, Galileo - ✔✔-early 1600s
-repeated Copernican ideas; confrontation with the church led to house arrest
John Ray - ✔✔-1627-1705
-concept of genus and species
-recognized reproductive continuity and isolation as basic characters of a species
Carolus Linnaeus - ✔✔-1707-1778
-father of Taxonomy and Systematics
-published the Systema Naturae in 1735
-formalized bionomial system (genus and species)
Linnean hierarchy - ✔✔-Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
-classified Homo sapiens as an animal
-believed in fixity of species
Compte de Buffon (Georges Louis LeClerc) - ✔✔-1707-1788
-believed animals change in response to their environment
-no purpose, no direction, no change in nature
-rejected idea of transmutation of species
Emily Charlene © All Rights Reserved 2025. 3
