AQA A-level Geography Paper 2- Human
the process of countries becoming more connected. It is the process of the world's
economies, political systems and cultures becoming more strongly connected to each
other - globalisation
caused by the movement of info, capital, products, services and labour between
different countries - cause of globalisation
the process of promoting and selling products or services - marketing
involves treating the world as one single market and using one marketing strategy to
advertise a product to customers all over the world. It can create global brand
awareness - global marketing
information can be spread across the world quickly and easily. The development and
rapid spread of email, the internet, and social media means that large amounts of info
can be exchanged instantly across the globe. This allows communication - factors
promoting globalisation- flows of information
over time, the amount of foreign direct investment (FDI) has increased. Improvements in
ICT have encouraged flows of capital globally - factors promoting globalisation- flows of
capital
money that is invested - capital
FDI rose from $400 billion in 1996 to nearly $1500 billion in 2016 - flows of capital
example
historically, manufacturing industries were located in more developed countries. In
recent decades, manufacturing has decreased in more developed countries. Lower
labour costs have caused companies to relocate production abroad. As a result of these
changes, international trade has increased. - factors promoting globalisation- flows of
products
the number of people employed in manufacturing industries in the UK fell from more
than 5 million in 1985 to around 2.6 million in 2014 - flows of products example
improvements to ICT means services can locate anywhere. Services can be split into
high (developed countries) and low levels. Companies are increasingly relocating to low
level services (labour=cheaper) - factors promoting globalisation- flows of services
During 1970s and 80s there was deregulation and opening up of national financial
markets to the world - flows of services example
,more people move overseas, either because they have to, or for work - factors
promoting globalisation- flows of labour
globalisation allows countries to pool their resources to solve global issues that are too
great for a single country to deal with. Greater integration of info gives better
understanding of cultures - benefits of globalisation- integration
as countries become more interconnected, they become more dependant on one
another. This discourages any actions that would upset global stability - benefits of
globalisation- stability
foreign investment brings capital into a country, which can be used, which can be used
to improve education and infrastructure. This in turn can attract further trade and
investment - benefits of globalisation- development
greater access to money and products improves people's standard of living - benefits of
globalisation- economic growth
as companies move low skilled jobs to less developed countries, low skilled jobs to less
developed countries find it more difficult to earn money- creating a greater divide
between rich and poor - negatives of globalisation- inequalities
developed countries have intervened in conflicts in order to secure access to natural
resources like oil - negatives of globalisation- conflict
improved transport and communications systems have made human trafficking easier -
negatives of globalisation- injustice
more pollution due to increased transportation. Access to resources from around the
world causes deforestation and overfishing. The abundance of cheap products around
the world means people can afford to be more wasteful, creating lots of landfill -
negatives of globalisation- harmful to the environment
include ways of working, procedures and methods of organisation that allow a particular
function to be carried out. Since the 1940s , many new systems have been introduced
to make it easier for flows of info, capital, products, services and labour to cross national
boundaries - factors affecting globalisation- systems
used for info, communications and transport has advanced rapidly - factors affecting
globalisation- technology
before WW2, most relationships between countries involved one country losing and
another gaining. Now, relationships are based on trade and common rules- allowing
everyone involved to gain - factors affecting globalisation- relationships
, governs the flows of capital between countries. Based on companies called investment
banks. These help companies raise capital by selling shares on behalf of those
companies. - financial systems
allowed investigators greater access to info - information technology
investment banks created new financial products that made investment less risky - new
financial procedures
governments undertook financial regulation, where they relaxed rules about what banks
are allowed to do - governments and financial deregulation
-govern the flows of products between countries and remove barriers to trade.
-trade is primarily regulated by countries' governments, who control which products they
let into the country and at what price.
-to make it cheaper, countries can enter into a trade agreement. It benefits both
countries' customers and consumers
-the global trade system is governed by WTO. It sets rules on how countries can trade
with each other, whilst also acting as a forum for countries to negotiate trade deals with
each other and settle trade disputes. - Trade agreements
- improved transportation systems have allowed people and products to get to places
around the world more easily than ever before.
-shipping containers were introduced in the 1950s-> this allowed more goods to be
loaded onto ships at once and transferred straight onto other forms of transport-> can
be moved quickly and cheaply - transports and communications
-new ways of working have made companies more efficient
- companies' supply chains have become global. This allows companies to minimise
coasts
-large companies can benefit from economies of scale. They can reduce the average
cost making each item by purchasing specialised equipment and using production lines.
They may also be able to buy in bulk. This gives large companies an advantage over
small companies. - management and information systems
- globalisation creates new trading relationship between countries. By forming trade
agreements, countries become interdependent - if two countries need each other to buy
and sell their products, it would not be in their interests to be at war.
-> Trade makes war less likely, by working together, countries are able to improve
security - Countries work together to prevent security threats
countries rely on each other for economic growth - economic
countries are dependent on each other to solve issues that cannot be addressed by just
one country - political
the process of countries becoming more connected. It is the process of the world's
economies, political systems and cultures becoming more strongly connected to each
other - globalisation
caused by the movement of info, capital, products, services and labour between
different countries - cause of globalisation
the process of promoting and selling products or services - marketing
involves treating the world as one single market and using one marketing strategy to
advertise a product to customers all over the world. It can create global brand
awareness - global marketing
information can be spread across the world quickly and easily. The development and
rapid spread of email, the internet, and social media means that large amounts of info
can be exchanged instantly across the globe. This allows communication - factors
promoting globalisation- flows of information
over time, the amount of foreign direct investment (FDI) has increased. Improvements in
ICT have encouraged flows of capital globally - factors promoting globalisation- flows of
capital
money that is invested - capital
FDI rose from $400 billion in 1996 to nearly $1500 billion in 2016 - flows of capital
example
historically, manufacturing industries were located in more developed countries. In
recent decades, manufacturing has decreased in more developed countries. Lower
labour costs have caused companies to relocate production abroad. As a result of these
changes, international trade has increased. - factors promoting globalisation- flows of
products
the number of people employed in manufacturing industries in the UK fell from more
than 5 million in 1985 to around 2.6 million in 2014 - flows of products example
improvements to ICT means services can locate anywhere. Services can be split into
high (developed countries) and low levels. Companies are increasingly relocating to low
level services (labour=cheaper) - factors promoting globalisation- flows of services
During 1970s and 80s there was deregulation and opening up of national financial
markets to the world - flows of services example
,more people move overseas, either because they have to, or for work - factors
promoting globalisation- flows of labour
globalisation allows countries to pool their resources to solve global issues that are too
great for a single country to deal with. Greater integration of info gives better
understanding of cultures - benefits of globalisation- integration
as countries become more interconnected, they become more dependant on one
another. This discourages any actions that would upset global stability - benefits of
globalisation- stability
foreign investment brings capital into a country, which can be used, which can be used
to improve education and infrastructure. This in turn can attract further trade and
investment - benefits of globalisation- development
greater access to money and products improves people's standard of living - benefits of
globalisation- economic growth
as companies move low skilled jobs to less developed countries, low skilled jobs to less
developed countries find it more difficult to earn money- creating a greater divide
between rich and poor - negatives of globalisation- inequalities
developed countries have intervened in conflicts in order to secure access to natural
resources like oil - negatives of globalisation- conflict
improved transport and communications systems have made human trafficking easier -
negatives of globalisation- injustice
more pollution due to increased transportation. Access to resources from around the
world causes deforestation and overfishing. The abundance of cheap products around
the world means people can afford to be more wasteful, creating lots of landfill -
negatives of globalisation- harmful to the environment
include ways of working, procedures and methods of organisation that allow a particular
function to be carried out. Since the 1940s , many new systems have been introduced
to make it easier for flows of info, capital, products, services and labour to cross national
boundaries - factors affecting globalisation- systems
used for info, communications and transport has advanced rapidly - factors affecting
globalisation- technology
before WW2, most relationships between countries involved one country losing and
another gaining. Now, relationships are based on trade and common rules- allowing
everyone involved to gain - factors affecting globalisation- relationships
, governs the flows of capital between countries. Based on companies called investment
banks. These help companies raise capital by selling shares on behalf of those
companies. - financial systems
allowed investigators greater access to info - information technology
investment banks created new financial products that made investment less risky - new
financial procedures
governments undertook financial regulation, where they relaxed rules about what banks
are allowed to do - governments and financial deregulation
-govern the flows of products between countries and remove barriers to trade.
-trade is primarily regulated by countries' governments, who control which products they
let into the country and at what price.
-to make it cheaper, countries can enter into a trade agreement. It benefits both
countries' customers and consumers
-the global trade system is governed by WTO. It sets rules on how countries can trade
with each other, whilst also acting as a forum for countries to negotiate trade deals with
each other and settle trade disputes. - Trade agreements
- improved transportation systems have allowed people and products to get to places
around the world more easily than ever before.
-shipping containers were introduced in the 1950s-> this allowed more goods to be
loaded onto ships at once and transferred straight onto other forms of transport-> can
be moved quickly and cheaply - transports and communications
-new ways of working have made companies more efficient
- companies' supply chains have become global. This allows companies to minimise
coasts
-large companies can benefit from economies of scale. They can reduce the average
cost making each item by purchasing specialised equipment and using production lines.
They may also be able to buy in bulk. This gives large companies an advantage over
small companies. - management and information systems
- globalisation creates new trading relationship between countries. By forming trade
agreements, countries become interdependent - if two countries need each other to buy
and sell their products, it would not be in their interests to be at war.
-> Trade makes war less likely, by working together, countries are able to improve
security - Countries work together to prevent security threats
countries rely on each other for economic growth - economic
countries are dependent on each other to solve issues that cannot be addressed by just
one country - political
