ATI MED SURG PROCTORED NEWEST 2024 TESTBANK AND A
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STUDY GUIDE WITH QUESTIONS (COMPLETE COURSE) 300+
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QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH
aa aa aa aa aa aa
RATIOANLES (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
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The nurse is completing an admission interview for a client with Parkinson disease. Which question
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will provide additional information about manifestations that the client is likely to experience?
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A. "Have you ever experienced any paralysis of your arms or legs?"
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
B. "Do you have frequent blackout spells?"
aa aa aa aa aa aa
C."Have you ever been frozen in one spot, unable to move?"
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
D. "Do you have headaches, especially ones with throbbing pain?" - answer-C. Have you ever been
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
frozen in one spot, unable to move?"
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
Rationale:
Clients with Parkinson disease frequently experience difficulty in initiating, maintaining, and
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
performing motor activities. They may even experience being rooted to the spot and unable to
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
move. Parkinson disease does not typically cause option A, B, or D.
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
The nurse notes that the client's drainage has decreased from 50 to 5 mL/hr 12 hours after chest tube
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
insertion for hemothorax. What is the best initial action for the nurse to take?
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A. Document this expected decrease in drainage.
aa aa aa aa aa aa
B. Clamp the chest tube while assessing for air leaks. C. Milk the tube to remove any excessive blood
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
clot buildup.
aa aa
D. Assess for kinks or dependent loops in the tubing. - answer-D.Assess for kinks or dependent loops
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
in the tubing.
aa aa aa
Rationale:
The least invasive nursing action should be performed first to determine why the drainage has
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
diminished. Option A is completed after assessing for any problems causing the decrease in
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
drainage. Option B is no longer considered standard protocol because the increase in pressure may
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
be harmful to the client. Option C is an appropriate nursing action after the tube has been assessed
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
for kinks or dependent loops.
aa aa aa aa aa
A 77-year-old female client is admitted to the hospital with confusion and anorexia of several days'
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
duration. She has symptoms of nausea and vomiting and is currently complaining of a headache. The
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
client's pulse rate is 43 beats/min. The nurse is most concerned about the client's history related to
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
which medication?
aa aa
,A. Warfarin (Coumadin)
aa aa
B. Ibuprofen (Motrin)
aa aa
C. Nitroglycerin (Nitrostat)
aa aa
D. Digoxin (Lanoxin) - answer-D. Digoxin
aa aa aa aa aa
Rationale:
Older persons are particularly susceptible to the buildup of cardiac glycosides, such as digoxin or
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
digitoxin (medications derived from digitalis), to a toxic level in their systems. Toxicity can cause
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, and fatigue. Options A, B, and C are unlikely to result
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in the symptoms described.
aa aa aa aa
The nurse is observing an unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) performing morning care for a
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bedridden client with Huntington disease. Which care measure is most important for the nurse to
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
supervise?
aa
A. Oral care
aa aa
aa B.Bathing
C. Foot care
aa aa
D. Catheter care - answer-A. Oral care
aa aa aa aa aa aa
Rationale:
The client with Huntington disease experiences problems with motor skills such as swallowing and is
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
at high risk for aspiration, so the highest priority for the nurse to observe is the UAP's ability to
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
perform oral care safely. Options B, C, and D do not necessarily require registered nurse (RN)
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
supervision because they do not ordinarily pose life-threatening consequences.
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
A client who is receiving an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor for hypertension calls the
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clinic and reports the recent onset of a cough to the nurse. Which action should the nurse
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
implement?
aa
A. Advise the client to come to the clinic immediately for further assessment.
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
B. Instruct the client to discontinue use of the drug and to make an appointment at the clinic.
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
C. Suggest that the client learn to accept the cough as a side effect to a necessary prescription.
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
D. Encourage the client to keep taking the drug until seen by the health care provider. - answer-D.
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
Encourage the client to keep taking the drug until seen by the health care provider.
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
Rationale:
Coughing is a common side effect of ACE inhibitors and is not an indication to discontinue the
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medication. Immediate evaluation is not needed. Antihypertensive medications should not be
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stopped abruptly because rebound hypertension may occur. Option C is demeaning because the
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cough may be
aa aa aa
,very disruptive to the client, and other antihypertensive medications may produce the desired effect
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without the adverse effect.
aa aa aa aa
When assigning clients on a medical-surgical floor to an RN and a PN, it is best for the charge nurse
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to assign which client to the PN?
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A. A young adult with bacterial meningitis with recent seizures
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B. An older adult client with pneumonia and viral meningitis
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C. A female client in isolation with meningococcal meningitis
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D. A male client 1 day postoperative after drainage of a brain abscess - answer-B. An older adult
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client with pneumonia and viral meningitis
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Rationale:
The most stable client is option B. Options A, C, and D are all at high risk for increased intracranial
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
pressure and require the expertise of the RN for assessment and management of care.
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
In assessing a client diagnosed with primary aldosteronism, the nurse expects the laboratory test
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
results to indicate a decreased serum level of which substance?
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
A.Sodium
aa B.Phosphate
aa C.Potassium
D.Glucose - answer-C. Potassium aa aa aa
Rationale:
Clients with primary aldosteronism exhibit a profound decline in serum levels of potassium;
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
hypokalemia; hypertension is the most prominent and universal sign. The serum sodium level is
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
normal or elevated, depending on the amount of water resorbed with the sodium. Option B is
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
influenced by parathyroid hormone (PTH). Option D is not affected by primary aldosteronism.
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
A client on telemetry has a pattern of uncontrolled atrial fibrillation with a rapid ventricular response.
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
Based on this finding, the nurse anticipates assisting the physician with which treatment?
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A.Administer lidocaine, 75 mg intravenous push. aa aa aa aa aa
aa B.Perform synchronized cardioversion. aa aa
C.Defibrillate the client as soon as possible. aa aa aa aa aa aa
D.Administer atropine, 0.4 mg intravenous push. - answer-B.Perform synchronized cardioversion.
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, Rationale:
With uncontrolled atrial fibrillation, the treatment of choice is synchronized cardioversion to convert
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
the cardiac rhythm back to normal sinus rhythm. Option A is a medication used for ventricular
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
dysrhythmias. Option C is not for a client with atrial fibrillation; it is reserved for clients with life-
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threatening dysrhythmias, such as ventricular fibrillation and unstable ventricular tachycardia. Option
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D is the drug of choice in symptomatic sinus bradycardia, not atrial fibrillation.
aa aa aa aa a a aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
A client with hypertension has been receiving ramipril (Altace), 5 mg PO, daily for 2 weeks and is
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
scheduled to receive a dose at 0900. At 0830, the client's blood pressure is 120/70 mm Hg. Which
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
action should the nurse take?
aa aa aa aa aa
A.Administer the prescribed dose at the scheduled time. aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
aa B.Hold the dose and contact the health care provider.
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
C.Hold the dose and recheck the blood pressure in 1 hour.
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
D.Check the health care provider's prescription to clarify the dose. - answer-A. Administer the
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
prescribed dose at the scheduled time
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Rationale:
The client's blood pressure is within normal limits, indicating that the ramipril, an antihypertensive,
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is having the desired effect and should be administered. Options B and C would be appropriate if
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
the client's blood pressure was excessively low (<100 mm Hg systolic) or if the client were exhibiting
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
signs of hypotension such as dizziness. This prescribed dose is within the normal dosage range, as
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
defined by the manufacturer; therefore, option D is not necessary.
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
Which consideration is most important when the nurse is assigning a room for a client being admitted
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with progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)?
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A.Provide a room that can be kept warm. aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
B.Make sure that the room can be kept dark.
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C.Keep the client close to the nursing unit.
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D.Select a room that is visible from the nurses' desk. - answer-A.Provide a room that can be kept warm.
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
Rationale:
Abnormal blood flow in response to cold (Raynaud phenomenon) is precipitated in clients with
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
scleroderma. Option B is not a significant factor. Stress can also precipitate the severe pain of
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
Raynaud phenomenon, so a quiet environment is preferred to option C, which is often very noisy.
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
Option D is not necessary.
aa aa aa aa aa
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
STUDY GUIDE WITH QUESTIONS (COMPLETE COURSE) 300+
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH
aa aa aa aa aa aa
RATIOANLES (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
aa aa aa aa aa aa
The nurse is completing an admission interview for a client with Parkinson disease. Which question
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
will provide additional information about manifestations that the client is likely to experience?
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
A. "Have you ever experienced any paralysis of your arms or legs?"
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
B. "Do you have frequent blackout spells?"
aa aa aa aa aa aa
C."Have you ever been frozen in one spot, unable to move?"
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
D. "Do you have headaches, especially ones with throbbing pain?" - answer-C. Have you ever been
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
frozen in one spot, unable to move?"
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
Rationale:
Clients with Parkinson disease frequently experience difficulty in initiating, maintaining, and
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
performing motor activities. They may even experience being rooted to the spot and unable to
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
move. Parkinson disease does not typically cause option A, B, or D.
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
The nurse notes that the client's drainage has decreased from 50 to 5 mL/hr 12 hours after chest tube
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
insertion for hemothorax. What is the best initial action for the nurse to take?
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
A. Document this expected decrease in drainage.
aa aa aa aa aa aa
B. Clamp the chest tube while assessing for air leaks. C. Milk the tube to remove any excessive blood
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
clot buildup.
aa aa
D. Assess for kinks or dependent loops in the tubing. - answer-D.Assess for kinks or dependent loops
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
in the tubing.
aa aa aa
Rationale:
The least invasive nursing action should be performed first to determine why the drainage has
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
diminished. Option A is completed after assessing for any problems causing the decrease in
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
drainage. Option B is no longer considered standard protocol because the increase in pressure may
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
be harmful to the client. Option C is an appropriate nursing action after the tube has been assessed
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
for kinks or dependent loops.
aa aa aa aa aa
A 77-year-old female client is admitted to the hospital with confusion and anorexia of several days'
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
duration. She has symptoms of nausea and vomiting and is currently complaining of a headache. The
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
client's pulse rate is 43 beats/min. The nurse is most concerned about the client's history related to
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
which medication?
aa aa
,A. Warfarin (Coumadin)
aa aa
B. Ibuprofen (Motrin)
aa aa
C. Nitroglycerin (Nitrostat)
aa aa
D. Digoxin (Lanoxin) - answer-D. Digoxin
aa aa aa aa aa
Rationale:
Older persons are particularly susceptible to the buildup of cardiac glycosides, such as digoxin or
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
digitoxin (medications derived from digitalis), to a toxic level in their systems. Toxicity can cause
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, and fatigue. Options A, B, and C are unlikely to result
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
in the symptoms described.
aa aa aa aa
The nurse is observing an unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) performing morning care for a
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
bedridden client with Huntington disease. Which care measure is most important for the nurse to
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
supervise?
aa
A. Oral care
aa aa
aa B.Bathing
C. Foot care
aa aa
D. Catheter care - answer-A. Oral care
aa aa aa aa aa aa
Rationale:
The client with Huntington disease experiences problems with motor skills such as swallowing and is
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
at high risk for aspiration, so the highest priority for the nurse to observe is the UAP's ability to
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
perform oral care safely. Options B, C, and D do not necessarily require registered nurse (RN)
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
supervision because they do not ordinarily pose life-threatening consequences.
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
A client who is receiving an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor for hypertension calls the
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
clinic and reports the recent onset of a cough to the nurse. Which action should the nurse
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
implement?
aa
A. Advise the client to come to the clinic immediately for further assessment.
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
B. Instruct the client to discontinue use of the drug and to make an appointment at the clinic.
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
C. Suggest that the client learn to accept the cough as a side effect to a necessary prescription.
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
D. Encourage the client to keep taking the drug until seen by the health care provider. - answer-D.
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
Encourage the client to keep taking the drug until seen by the health care provider.
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
Rationale:
Coughing is a common side effect of ACE inhibitors and is not an indication to discontinue the
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
medication. Immediate evaluation is not needed. Antihypertensive medications should not be
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
stopped abruptly because rebound hypertension may occur. Option C is demeaning because the
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
cough may be
aa aa aa
,very disruptive to the client, and other antihypertensive medications may produce the desired effect
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
without the adverse effect.
aa aa aa aa
When assigning clients on a medical-surgical floor to an RN and a PN, it is best for the charge nurse
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
to assign which client to the PN?
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
A. A young adult with bacterial meningitis with recent seizures
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
B. An older adult client with pneumonia and viral meningitis
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
C. A female client in isolation with meningococcal meningitis
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
D. A male client 1 day postoperative after drainage of a brain abscess - answer-B. An older adult
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
client with pneumonia and viral meningitis
aa aa aa aa aa aa
Rationale:
The most stable client is option B. Options A, C, and D are all at high risk for increased intracranial
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
pressure and require the expertise of the RN for assessment and management of care.
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
In assessing a client diagnosed with primary aldosteronism, the nurse expects the laboratory test
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
results to indicate a decreased serum level of which substance?
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
A.Sodium
aa B.Phosphate
aa C.Potassium
D.Glucose - answer-C. Potassium aa aa aa
Rationale:
Clients with primary aldosteronism exhibit a profound decline in serum levels of potassium;
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
hypokalemia; hypertension is the most prominent and universal sign. The serum sodium level is
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
normal or elevated, depending on the amount of water resorbed with the sodium. Option B is
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
influenced by parathyroid hormone (PTH). Option D is not affected by primary aldosteronism.
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
A client on telemetry has a pattern of uncontrolled atrial fibrillation with a rapid ventricular response.
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
Based on this finding, the nurse anticipates assisting the physician with which treatment?
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
A.Administer lidocaine, 75 mg intravenous push. aa aa aa aa aa
aa B.Perform synchronized cardioversion. aa aa
C.Defibrillate the client as soon as possible. aa aa aa aa aa aa
D.Administer atropine, 0.4 mg intravenous push. - answer-B.Perform synchronized cardioversion.
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
, Rationale:
With uncontrolled atrial fibrillation, the treatment of choice is synchronized cardioversion to convert
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
the cardiac rhythm back to normal sinus rhythm. Option A is a medication used for ventricular
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
dysrhythmias. Option C is not for a client with atrial fibrillation; it is reserved for clients with life-
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
threatening dysrhythmias, such as ventricular fibrillation and unstable ventricular tachycardia. Option
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
D is the drug of choice in symptomatic sinus bradycardia, not atrial fibrillation.
aa aa aa aa a a aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
A client with hypertension has been receiving ramipril (Altace), 5 mg PO, daily for 2 weeks and is
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
scheduled to receive a dose at 0900. At 0830, the client's blood pressure is 120/70 mm Hg. Which
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
action should the nurse take?
aa aa aa aa aa
A.Administer the prescribed dose at the scheduled time. aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
aa B.Hold the dose and contact the health care provider.
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
C.Hold the dose and recheck the blood pressure in 1 hour.
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
D.Check the health care provider's prescription to clarify the dose. - answer-A. Administer the
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
prescribed dose at the scheduled time
aa aa aa aa aa aa
Rationale:
The client's blood pressure is within normal limits, indicating that the ramipril, an antihypertensive,
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
is having the desired effect and should be administered. Options B and C would be appropriate if
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
the client's blood pressure was excessively low (<100 mm Hg systolic) or if the client were exhibiting
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
signs of hypotension such as dizziness. This prescribed dose is within the normal dosage range, as
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
defined by the manufacturer; therefore, option D is not necessary.
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
Which consideration is most important when the nurse is assigning a room for a client being admitted
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
with progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)?
aa aa aa aa aa
A.Provide a room that can be kept warm. aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
B.Make sure that the room can be kept dark.
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
C.Keep the client close to the nursing unit.
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
D.Select a room that is visible from the nurses' desk. - answer-A.Provide a room that can be kept warm.
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
Rationale:
Abnormal blood flow in response to cold (Raynaud phenomenon) is precipitated in clients with
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
scleroderma. Option B is not a significant factor. Stress can also precipitate the severe pain of
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
Raynaud phenomenon, so a quiet environment is preferred to option C, which is often very noisy.
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
Option D is not necessary.
aa aa aa aa aa
