BIOS 255 Final Exam Questions Answered Correctly Latest Update 2025 (Already Passed)

BIOS 255 Final Exam Questions Answered Correctly Latest Update 2025 (Already Passed) What makes up formed elements? - Answers erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets What makes up the plasma portion of blood? - Answers Plasma is 55% of volume -Albumins- 54%Most abundant- osmostic pressure -Globulins- 38%-immune -Fibringens- 7%- clotting What types of substances are transported by the blood? - Answers Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Hormones Heat Waste Nutrients How does the blood protect against excessive loss and infection? - Answers Immune Response -macrophages -globulins Blood Clotting -fibrinogen -Hemostasis Against Disease -Antibodies -Interferons -Complement system What is the longevity of lymphocytes, as compared to other blood cells? - Answers They can live several months to years but most live for few days What is hemopoiesis? - Answers Production of ALL blood cells What does pluripotent mean? - Answers Ability of a stem cell to develop into many different cell types Describe the characteristics of hemoglobin - Answers -Protein carries oxygen to tissue and approx. 20% of carbon dioxide -Each hemoglobin molecule can carry 4 heme(iron) so they bind to 4 oxygen molecules -nitric acid can bind to them which triggers vasodilation, increase blood flow What is vasodilation? - Answers dilation(widening) of blood vessels Describe the characteristics of red blood cells - Answers Transport O2 & CO2 -no nucleus -no organelles -Biconcave disc -live for days to weeks Discuss the relationship of hemoglobin to nitric oxide? - Answers nitric oxide can bind to the hemoglobin molecule which triggers vasoldilation. Increases blood flow, but decreases pressure What is the importance of carbonic anhydrase? - Answers Present in RBC. Aids in conversion of carbon dioxide to carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions --> reaches lungs to help convert bicarbonate ions back to carbon dioxide How long do red blood cells live? what happens to dead cells? - Answers Can live for days/weeks -Dead RBC go to liver/spleen -> macrophages break down (recycle) -> heme and globulins -> Iron (from heme) and Amino Acids What is erythropoiesis? where does it take place? - Answers Production of Red Blood Cells -Occurs in red bone marrow What are reticulocytes? - Answers Newly produced, relatively immature red blood cells What is erythropoietin? - Answers a hormone released by kidneys in response to hypoxia ( low O2 levels) to stimulate erythropoiesis What are the characteristics of leukocytes? - Answers WBC -Has nucleus -Has organelles -no hemoglobins -can live for years What are the two classes of leukocytes - Answers granular and agranular Name all types of leukocytes that fall under the two classes - Answers Granular -Neutrophils -Eosinophils -Basophils Agranular -Lymphocytes -Monocytes Describe diapedesis - Answers Leukocyte (WBC) leaving the blood to accumulate at the site of invasion Describe the clinical relevancies of high and low white blood cells - Answers -High eosinophils can indicate allergic reaction -Neutrophils- High= bacterial infection, burns, stress --Low= drug toxicity, lupus, radiation Lymphocytes -High= viral infections, luekemias -Low= prolonged illness, HIV infection What are the characteristics of Platelets - Answers -Live for 5-9 days -used for blood clotting -mature from megakaryocytes in red bone marrow What is hemostasis? - Answers prevention of blood loss What processes are involved with Hemostasis? - Answers Vascular Spasms- contraction of smooth muscle in blood vessels to close wound -Platelet plug formation -Blood clotting (Coagulation) -Vitamin K- required of synthesis of 4 different clotting factors What are three stages of coagulation? - Answers Extrinsic- happens rapidly Intrinsic- occurs more slowly, several minutes Common Pathways Give a summary of all coagulation factors - Answers They all clot blood What vitamin is needed for normal clot formation - Answers Vitamin K How are small clots usually dissolved? - Answers The fibrinolytic system- dissolves small, inappropriate clots What are blood groups based on? - Answers They are based on the absence or presence of antigens Describe the four different blood types - Answers O- Neither A nor B antigens = Has A & B antibodies A- A antigen= B antibody AB- Both A & B antigen = neither antibody B- B antigen = anti A antibody Describe what happens when a mother and baby have different Rh factors - Answers Hemolytic disease of Newborn= Agglutination and Hemolysis is brought on by fetal-maternal incompatibility What are characteristics of sickle cell disease? - Answers Contain abnormal kind of hemoglobin -sickled cells die in about 10 days --> shortness of breath, fatigue, paleness, delayed growth & development *Is inherited what are the three processes that are required for respiration to occur? - Answers -Pulmonary Ventilation