NURS 424 Exam 3 with verified solutions

NURS 424 Exam 3 with verified solutions

1. What is acute respiratory failure (ARF)?: Acute respiratory failure (ARF) occurs
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when the pulmonary system is unable to adequately exchange oxygen and remove
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| carbon dioxide |




2. What are the causes of acute respiratory failure (ARF)?: Acute respiratory
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| failure (ARF) has many causes, but the most severe respiratory disorders are:
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- Acute lung injury (ALI)
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- Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
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3. How is the lower airways protected?: - Mucociliary escalator:
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*A complex system of cilia that continuously propel respiratory secretions into the uppe
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| airways for expulsion | |




- Cough reflex: |




*Triggered by the presence of foreign substances in the airways
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*Touching the carina is one method for stimulating this reflex
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4. What are the 2 functions of the respiratory system?: - Ventilation:
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*The mechanical act of moving air in and out of the respiratory tree and involves the
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| musculoskeletal and nervous systems | | |




- Respiration:
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,*The transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the pulmonary
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| capillaries


Disruption of either of these processes results in respiratory failure
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5. What is ventilation?: The mechanical act of moving air in and out of the respi-
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| ratory tree and involves the musculoskeletal and nervous systems
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6. What is respiration?: The transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the
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| alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries
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7. What is compliance?: Compliance refers to the ability of the lungs and thorax to
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| stretch and expand given a change in pressure
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8. What conditions have decreased compliance?: Pulmonary fibrosis
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9. What conditions have increased compliance?: - Emphysema
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- COPD

10. What is total lung capacity (TLC)?: The maximum volume the lungs can hold
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11. What is tidal volume (VT)?: The volume of one inhalation/exhalation cycle
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12. What is functional residual capacity (FRC)?: The volume remaining in the
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| lungs after a normal exhalation
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13. What is the inspiratory capacity?: Tidal volume (VT) + Inspiratory reserve
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| volume (IRV) |




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,14. What is the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?: The volume of air one is able to
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| inhale in addition to the tidal volume (VT)
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15. What is the residual volume (RV): The volume of air that remains in the lungs
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| following forced expiration beyond normal expiration
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Also referred to as the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
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16. What is the vital capacity (VC)?: ERV + VT + IRV
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17. What is an alveolar dead space unit?: An alveolar dead space unit occurs
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| when an alveolus is not perfused - due to no gas exchange occurring
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18. What are examples of conditions that result in dead space units?: - Pul-
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| monary embolus |




- Pulmonary infarct |




Ventilation > Perfusion | |




19. What is a shunt unit?: An alveolus is inadequately ventilated in the presence of
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| perfusion


The retention of CO2 results in vasoconstriction, resulting in blood/oxygen not travelin
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| to the constricted vessel
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Perfusion > Ventilation | |




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, 20. What are examples of conditions that result in shunt units?: - Pneumonia
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- Atelectasis

21. What is a silent unit?: An alveolus is inadequately ventilated and perfused
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<Ventilation

<Perfusion

22. What are examples of conditions that result in silent units?: - Severe ARDS
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- Pneumothorax

23. PaO2:: Arterial partial pressure of oxygen
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Normal range: 80-100 mmHg
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24. PaCO2:

- Normal Range: 35-45
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25. HCO3:

- Normal Range: 22-26
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26. 2,3 Diphosphoglycerate (2,3 DPG):
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- Increased

- Decreased: Increased: |




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