Question 1: Which of the following is a characteristic feature of
systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)?
a) Hypertension
b) Decreased heart rate
c) Tachypnea
d) Low white blood cell count
Answer: c) Tachypnea
Rationale: SIRS is characterized by a systemic inflammatory response,
which includes tachypnea (rapid breathing) as a response to hypoxia or
metabolic acidosis. Tachypnea helps to compensate for acidosis. Other
common features of SIRS include fever, tachycardia, and leukocytosis or
leukopenia, not a low white blood cell count.
Question 2: Which of the following is the most significant
pathophysiological mechanism in the development of type 1 diabetes
mellitus (T1DM)?
a) Insulin resistance
b) Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
c) Excessive glucagon secretion
d) Impaired glucose uptake in peripheral tissues
Answer: b) Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
Rationale: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disorder where
the body's immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing
beta cells in the pancreas, leading to insulin deficiency. Unlike type 2
diabetes, which involves insulin resistance, T1DM primarily results from
beta-cell destruction.
,Question 3: Which of the following lab findings would be most
consistent with acute kidney injury (AKI) due to prerenal causes?
a) Elevated creatinine with normal urine output
b) Elevated BUN/creatinine ratio with low urine sodium
c) Decreased BUN/creatinine ratio with high urine sodium
d) Normal creatinine with increased urine osmolality
Answer: b) Elevated BUN/creatinine ratio with low urine sodium
Rationale: Prerenal causes of AKI often involve decreased renal
perfusion, leading to elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine
levels. The BUN/creatinine ratio is typically elevated (>20:1), and the
kidneys conserve sodium to maintain volume, resulting in low urine
sodium (<20 mEq/L).
Question 4: Which of the following is a hallmark of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD)?
a) Increased lung compliance
b) Progressive airflow limitation
c) Reduced lung volume
d) Hyperventilation at rest
Answer: b) Progressive airflow limitation
Rationale: COPD is characterized by progressive airflow limitation due
to the inflammation of the airways and destruction of lung parenchyma
(emphysema). This leads to difficulty exhaling air from the lungs,
causing symptoms like wheezing, chronic cough, and shortness of
breath. Increased lung compliance is seen in emphysema but is not the
hallmark of the disease.
, Question 5: Which of the following is most likely to occur as a result of
left-sided heart failure?
a) Pulmonary edema
b) Peripheral edema
c) Hepatomegaly
d) Jugular venous distention
Answer: a) Pulmonary edema
Rationale: Left-sided heart failure leads to a backup of blood in the
lungs, causing pulmonary edema. This occurs because the left ventricle
is unable to pump blood efficiently, causing fluid to accumulate in the
lungs. Peripheral edema, hepatomegaly, and jugular venous distention
are more common in right-sided heart failure.
Question 6: In which condition is a decrease in the functional residual
capacity (FRC) commonly observed?
a) Asthma
b) Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
c) Pulmonary fibrosis
d) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Answer: b) Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Rationale: ARDS leads to a decrease in the functional residual capacity
(FRC) due to fluid accumulation in the alveoli and increased pulmonary
capillary permeability. This impairs gas exchange and reduces lung
compliance. Conditions like asthma, COPD, and pulmonary fibrosis have
varying effects on lung volumes, but ARDS is specifically associated with
a decrease in FRC.
systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)?
a) Hypertension
b) Decreased heart rate
c) Tachypnea
d) Low white blood cell count
Answer: c) Tachypnea
Rationale: SIRS is characterized by a systemic inflammatory response,
which includes tachypnea (rapid breathing) as a response to hypoxia or
metabolic acidosis. Tachypnea helps to compensate for acidosis. Other
common features of SIRS include fever, tachycardia, and leukocytosis or
leukopenia, not a low white blood cell count.
Question 2: Which of the following is the most significant
pathophysiological mechanism in the development of type 1 diabetes
mellitus (T1DM)?
a) Insulin resistance
b) Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
c) Excessive glucagon secretion
d) Impaired glucose uptake in peripheral tissues
Answer: b) Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
Rationale: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disorder where
the body's immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing
beta cells in the pancreas, leading to insulin deficiency. Unlike type 2
diabetes, which involves insulin resistance, T1DM primarily results from
beta-cell destruction.
,Question 3: Which of the following lab findings would be most
consistent with acute kidney injury (AKI) due to prerenal causes?
a) Elevated creatinine with normal urine output
b) Elevated BUN/creatinine ratio with low urine sodium
c) Decreased BUN/creatinine ratio with high urine sodium
d) Normal creatinine with increased urine osmolality
Answer: b) Elevated BUN/creatinine ratio with low urine sodium
Rationale: Prerenal causes of AKI often involve decreased renal
perfusion, leading to elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine
levels. The BUN/creatinine ratio is typically elevated (>20:1), and the
kidneys conserve sodium to maintain volume, resulting in low urine
sodium (<20 mEq/L).
Question 4: Which of the following is a hallmark of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD)?
a) Increased lung compliance
b) Progressive airflow limitation
c) Reduced lung volume
d) Hyperventilation at rest
Answer: b) Progressive airflow limitation
Rationale: COPD is characterized by progressive airflow limitation due
to the inflammation of the airways and destruction of lung parenchyma
(emphysema). This leads to difficulty exhaling air from the lungs,
causing symptoms like wheezing, chronic cough, and shortness of
breath. Increased lung compliance is seen in emphysema but is not the
hallmark of the disease.
, Question 5: Which of the following is most likely to occur as a result of
left-sided heart failure?
a) Pulmonary edema
b) Peripheral edema
c) Hepatomegaly
d) Jugular venous distention
Answer: a) Pulmonary edema
Rationale: Left-sided heart failure leads to a backup of blood in the
lungs, causing pulmonary edema. This occurs because the left ventricle
is unable to pump blood efficiently, causing fluid to accumulate in the
lungs. Peripheral edema, hepatomegaly, and jugular venous distention
are more common in right-sided heart failure.
Question 6: In which condition is a decrease in the functional residual
capacity (FRC) commonly observed?
a) Asthma
b) Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
c) Pulmonary fibrosis
d) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Answer: b) Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Rationale: ARDS leads to a decrease in the functional residual capacity
(FRC) due to fluid accumulation in the alveoli and increased pulmonary
capillary permeability. This impairs gas exchange and reduces lung
compliance. Conditions like asthma, COPD, and pulmonary fibrosis have
varying effects on lung volumes, but ARDS is specifically associated with
a decrease in FRC.
