1. Which of the following is most commonly associated with an
increase in vascular permeability during inflammation?
A) Nitric oxide
B) Histamine
C) Prostaglandins
D) Leukotrienes
Answer: B) Histamine
Rationale: Histamine is a key mediator in inflammation, particularly in
the early stages. It causes vasodilation and increases vascular
permeability, allowing plasma proteins and white blood cells to move
into tissues.
2. In the pathophysiology of acute renal failure, what is the primary
mechanism leading to a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
A) Tubular obstruction
B) Decreased renal blood flow
C) Glomerular basement membrane damage
D) Increased intra-abdominal pressure
Answer: B) Decreased renal blood flow
Rationale: Acute renal failure (ARF) is often caused by decreased renal
perfusion, which leads to a decrease in GFR. This can occur due to
prerenal causes such as hypovolemia or decreased cardiac output.
3. Which of the following is a hallmark feature of Crohn's disease in
the gastrointestinal tract?
,A) Continuous lesions with skip areas
B) Mucosal ulceration without inflammation
C) Involvement of only the colon
D) Pseudopolyps
Answer: A) Continuous lesions with skip areas
Rationale: Crohn's disease is characterized by transmural inflammation
and "skip lesions," meaning areas of normal tissue are interspersed with
areas of inflamed tissue, unlike ulcerative colitis, which is continuous.
4. Which of the following is the most likely cause of metabolic acidosis
in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
A) Decreased renal function
B) Increased production of lactic acid
C) Accumulation of ketone bodies
D) Hyperventilation
Answer: C) Accumulation of ketone bodies
Rationale: In DKA, there is an accumulation of ketone bodies (acetone,
acetoacetate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate) due to the lack of insulin and
the body’s shift to fat metabolism, leading to metabolic acidosis.
5. What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism behind the
development of pulmonary edema in heart failure?
A) Increased permeability of the alveolar-capillary membrane
B) Decreased oncotic pressure in the blood vessels
C) Increased hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary circulation
D) Inflammatory mediators causing capillary leak
, Answer: C) Increased hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary circulation
Rationale: In heart failure, especially left-sided heart failure, the left
ventricle's inability to pump effectively increases pulmonary venous
pressure, which causes fluid to leak into the alveoli, leading to
pulmonary edema.
6. Which of the following lab findings would be most indicative of
hepatic cirrhosis?
A) Increased albumin and prolonged prothrombin time
B) Decreased albumin and prolonged prothrombin time
C) Decreased bilirubin and normal prothrombin time
D) Increased bilirubin and decreased prothrombin time
Answer: B) Decreased albumin and prolonged prothrombin time
Rationale: In cirrhosis, the liver’s ability to synthesize proteins like
albumin is impaired. This leads to decreased albumin levels and a
prolonged prothrombin time, as the liver also has reduced ability to
produce clotting factors.
7. Which of the following factors is primarily responsible for the
chronic inflammation observed in rheumatoid arthritis?
A) Hyperactivation of T lymphocytes
B) Overproduction of interleukins
C) Infiltration of neutrophils
D) Increased production of rheumatoid factor
Answer: A) Hyperactivation of T lymphocytes
increase in vascular permeability during inflammation?
A) Nitric oxide
B) Histamine
C) Prostaglandins
D) Leukotrienes
Answer: B) Histamine
Rationale: Histamine is a key mediator in inflammation, particularly in
the early stages. It causes vasodilation and increases vascular
permeability, allowing plasma proteins and white blood cells to move
into tissues.
2. In the pathophysiology of acute renal failure, what is the primary
mechanism leading to a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
A) Tubular obstruction
B) Decreased renal blood flow
C) Glomerular basement membrane damage
D) Increased intra-abdominal pressure
Answer: B) Decreased renal blood flow
Rationale: Acute renal failure (ARF) is often caused by decreased renal
perfusion, which leads to a decrease in GFR. This can occur due to
prerenal causes such as hypovolemia or decreased cardiac output.
3. Which of the following is a hallmark feature of Crohn's disease in
the gastrointestinal tract?
,A) Continuous lesions with skip areas
B) Mucosal ulceration without inflammation
C) Involvement of only the colon
D) Pseudopolyps
Answer: A) Continuous lesions with skip areas
Rationale: Crohn's disease is characterized by transmural inflammation
and "skip lesions," meaning areas of normal tissue are interspersed with
areas of inflamed tissue, unlike ulcerative colitis, which is continuous.
4. Which of the following is the most likely cause of metabolic acidosis
in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
A) Decreased renal function
B) Increased production of lactic acid
C) Accumulation of ketone bodies
D) Hyperventilation
Answer: C) Accumulation of ketone bodies
Rationale: In DKA, there is an accumulation of ketone bodies (acetone,
acetoacetate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate) due to the lack of insulin and
the body’s shift to fat metabolism, leading to metabolic acidosis.
5. What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism behind the
development of pulmonary edema in heart failure?
A) Increased permeability of the alveolar-capillary membrane
B) Decreased oncotic pressure in the blood vessels
C) Increased hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary circulation
D) Inflammatory mediators causing capillary leak
, Answer: C) Increased hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary circulation
Rationale: In heart failure, especially left-sided heart failure, the left
ventricle's inability to pump effectively increases pulmonary venous
pressure, which causes fluid to leak into the alveoli, leading to
pulmonary edema.
6. Which of the following lab findings would be most indicative of
hepatic cirrhosis?
A) Increased albumin and prolonged prothrombin time
B) Decreased albumin and prolonged prothrombin time
C) Decreased bilirubin and normal prothrombin time
D) Increased bilirubin and decreased prothrombin time
Answer: B) Decreased albumin and prolonged prothrombin time
Rationale: In cirrhosis, the liver’s ability to synthesize proteins like
albumin is impaired. This leads to decreased albumin levels and a
prolonged prothrombin time, as the liver also has reduced ability to
produce clotting factors.
7. Which of the following factors is primarily responsible for the
chronic inflammation observed in rheumatoid arthritis?
A) Hyperactivation of T lymphocytes
B) Overproduction of interleukins
C) Infiltration of neutrophils
D) Increased production of rheumatoid factor
Answer: A) Hyperactivation of T lymphocytes
