©Jason McConnel 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Data management Foundations Exam
Questions With Correct Answers A+
Equijoin - Answer✔Compares columns of two tables with the = operator.
non-equijoin - Answer✔compares columns with an operator other than =, such as <, >
Self Join - Answer✔Joins a table to itself
Cross Join - Answer✔Combines two tables without comparing columns.
INNER JOIN - Answer✔selects only matching left and right table rows.
FULL JOIN - Answer✔selects all left and right table rows, regardless of match
LEFT JOIN - Answer✔selects all left table rows, but only matching right table rows.
RIGHT JOIN - Answer✔selects all right table rows, but only matching left table rows.
OUTTER JOIN - Answer✔Finds Missing, unmatched rows - will contain NULL
First Normal Form (1NF) - Answer✔The first stage in the normalization process. It describes a
relation depicted in tabular format, with no repeating groups and a primary key identified. All
nonkey attributes in the relation are dependent on the primary key.
Second Normal Form (2NF) - Answer✔The second stage in the normalization process, in which
a relation is in 1NF and there are no partial dependencies (dependencies in only part of the
primary key).
Third Normal Form (3NF) - Answer✔A table is in 3NF when it is in 2NF and no nonkey
attribute is functionally dependent on another nonkey attribute; that is, it cannot include
transitive dependencies.
Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF) - Answer✔A special type of third normal form (3NF) in
which every determinant is a candidate key. A table in BCNF must be in 3NF. See also
determinant.
Fourth Normal Form (4NF) - Answer✔A table that is in 3NF and contains no multiple
independent sets of multivalued dependencies.
Fifth Normal Form (5NF) - Answer✔A normal form necessary to eliminate an anomaly where a
table can be split apart but not correctly joined back together.
Also known as Project-Join Normal Form (PJ/NF).
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, ©Jason McConnel 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
DDL (Data Definition Language) - Answer✔A part of SQL that is used to create and modify
objects of a database such as tables, views, functions and stored procedures
DQL (Data Query Language) - Answer✔Retrieves data from the database.
DCL (Data Control Language) - Answer✔Commands that control a database, including
administering privileges and committing data
DTL (Data Transaction Language) - Answer✔manages database transactions
DML (Data Manipulation Language) - Answer✔A part of SQL that is used query, insert, update
and remove data from a database
Candidate Key - Answer✔Describes the unique columns in a table that do not contain a primary
key
Composite Key - Answer✔A primary key that consists of more than one attribute. Denoted by
parentheses
Foreign Key - Answer✔A primary key from one table that is used in another table. (Many to
many relationship)
Primary Key - Answer✔a field that uniquely identifies a record in a table
Hash Index - Answer✔index entries are assigned to buckets
Logical Index - Answer✔A single- or multi-level index in which pointers to table blocks are
replaced with primary key values.
Bitmap Index - Answer✔A grid of bits
Function Index - Answer✔The database designer specifies a function on the column value. Index
entries contain the result of the function applied to column values, rather than the column values.
Trivial dependency - Answer✔When the columns of A are a subset of the columns of B, A
always depends on B.
Non-Trivial Dependency - Answer✔Boyce-Codd Normal Form. Whenever column A depends
on column B, then column B is unique
CHECK Constraint - Answer✔specifies an expression on one or more columns of a table
UNIQUE Constraint - Answer✔Ensures that all values in a column are different (unique)
Table Constraint - Answer✔A table constraint appears in a separate clause of a CREATE
TABLE statement and governs values in one or more columns.
Column Constraint - Answer✔Governs values in a single column.
Materialized View - Answer✔a view for which data is stored at all times
Aggregate Functions - Answer✔perform arithmetic operations on selected records in a database:
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Data management Foundations Exam
Questions With Correct Answers A+
Equijoin - Answer✔Compares columns of two tables with the = operator.
non-equijoin - Answer✔compares columns with an operator other than =, such as <, >
Self Join - Answer✔Joins a table to itself
Cross Join - Answer✔Combines two tables without comparing columns.
INNER JOIN - Answer✔selects only matching left and right table rows.
FULL JOIN - Answer✔selects all left and right table rows, regardless of match
LEFT JOIN - Answer✔selects all left table rows, but only matching right table rows.
RIGHT JOIN - Answer✔selects all right table rows, but only matching left table rows.
OUTTER JOIN - Answer✔Finds Missing, unmatched rows - will contain NULL
First Normal Form (1NF) - Answer✔The first stage in the normalization process. It describes a
relation depicted in tabular format, with no repeating groups and a primary key identified. All
nonkey attributes in the relation are dependent on the primary key.
Second Normal Form (2NF) - Answer✔The second stage in the normalization process, in which
a relation is in 1NF and there are no partial dependencies (dependencies in only part of the
primary key).
Third Normal Form (3NF) - Answer✔A table is in 3NF when it is in 2NF and no nonkey
attribute is functionally dependent on another nonkey attribute; that is, it cannot include
transitive dependencies.
Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF) - Answer✔A special type of third normal form (3NF) in
which every determinant is a candidate key. A table in BCNF must be in 3NF. See also
determinant.
Fourth Normal Form (4NF) - Answer✔A table that is in 3NF and contains no multiple
independent sets of multivalued dependencies.
Fifth Normal Form (5NF) - Answer✔A normal form necessary to eliminate an anomaly where a
table can be split apart but not correctly joined back together.
Also known as Project-Join Normal Form (PJ/NF).
1|Page
, ©Jason McConnel 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
DDL (Data Definition Language) - Answer✔A part of SQL that is used to create and modify
objects of a database such as tables, views, functions and stored procedures
DQL (Data Query Language) - Answer✔Retrieves data from the database.
DCL (Data Control Language) - Answer✔Commands that control a database, including
administering privileges and committing data
DTL (Data Transaction Language) - Answer✔manages database transactions
DML (Data Manipulation Language) - Answer✔A part of SQL that is used query, insert, update
and remove data from a database
Candidate Key - Answer✔Describes the unique columns in a table that do not contain a primary
key
Composite Key - Answer✔A primary key that consists of more than one attribute. Denoted by
parentheses
Foreign Key - Answer✔A primary key from one table that is used in another table. (Many to
many relationship)
Primary Key - Answer✔a field that uniquely identifies a record in a table
Hash Index - Answer✔index entries are assigned to buckets
Logical Index - Answer✔A single- or multi-level index in which pointers to table blocks are
replaced with primary key values.
Bitmap Index - Answer✔A grid of bits
Function Index - Answer✔The database designer specifies a function on the column value. Index
entries contain the result of the function applied to column values, rather than the column values.
Trivial dependency - Answer✔When the columns of A are a subset of the columns of B, A
always depends on B.
Non-Trivial Dependency - Answer✔Boyce-Codd Normal Form. Whenever column A depends
on column B, then column B is unique
CHECK Constraint - Answer✔specifies an expression on one or more columns of a table
UNIQUE Constraint - Answer✔Ensures that all values in a column are different (unique)
Table Constraint - Answer✔A table constraint appears in a separate clause of a CREATE
TABLE statement and governs values in one or more columns.
Column Constraint - Answer✔Governs values in a single column.
Materialized View - Answer✔a view for which data is stored at all times
Aggregate Functions - Answer✔perform arithmetic operations on selected records in a database:
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