Summary Intro to Second Law of Thermodynamics

Topics covered: SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS - Definitions - Intro to heat engines (direct & reversed) - Calculating performances (efficiency, COPs) REVERSIBILITY - What is a reversible process? - Reasons behind irreversibility - Efficiency of reversible heat engine ENTROPY - Basic expression - Property: point function - Planck & Clausius Statement - Why two adiabatic processes cannot intersect in a cycle - Clausius Theorem (proof) - Clausius Inequality (proof) - Change in entropy expressions derivations STEAM POWER CYCLE - Carnot cycle (P-v, T-s diagrams, efficiency calculation, expressions for work-done and heat transfer in each stages) - Rankine cycle (P-v, T-s diagrams, cycle & isentropic efficiency, work ratio, applying steady flow energy equation to each component) - Differences between Carnot and Rankine cycle REFRIGERATION CYCLE - Distinguishing refrigerator and heat pump - Calculating COPs - Reversed Carnot cycle - Practical difficulties of Carnot cycle - Ideal vapour-compression refrigeration cycle - Applying steady flow energy equation to each component to derives expressions for COP - Actual vapour-compression cycle - Useful interpolation technique GAS POWER CYCLE - Definitions - Assumptions - Otto cycle (P-v, T-s diagram, efficiency derivation) - Diesel cycle (P-v, T-s diagram, efficiency derivation) - Brayton cycle (P-v, T-s diagram, efficiency derivation, work ratio) OTHER USEFUL NOTES - P-v, T-s diagram - Adiabatic/ Isentropic relationship - Finding work-done for different type of processes