DNA and protein synthesis
cell Capprox 30 000)
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.
,
in a
genes
produce Carex
·
100 God
able to
,
that a cell is
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proteins
full range of
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mrA
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eukaryote us prokaryotes
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-
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splicing doesn't on
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-
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mRNA
pre-mRNA sygliced to
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subunit
is
>
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present
-
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introns removed not
&
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from
↑
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in sequence
1
NAheicaseopensupl genede
as
CampingfirAArbosum
is an
1
tRNA
.
.
reads the template +RNA with 22 At approaches
Structure of DNA and RNA
. RNA polymerase
2
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.
mRNA until
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a . Ribosome meres
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along
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effect nucleotide
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o
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·
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n DNA L can occur
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see
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me
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=
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.
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structive a
-
nucleotides have same
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-
nucleotides joined by
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joins te nucleotides a a condensation Gene-sectionofDNeleotide bases
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between stands
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reaction -
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sequence
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-
new as He
molecule + 1 new shand >
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in def
>
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I
consequences:
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:
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.
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g share of reactions :
its in a sequence
play part
enzyme can't
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essential products
build up
in
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compounds
ansma
↓
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·
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chromosome mutations -
mutations in t nt chromosomy
arise by chromosome non-disjunction
th ne
during meiosis. . increase in
in cell
chromosomes a
↳ Commen
anomaly of chromosome
no in
humansmahomommoe 21
hisomy of chromosome
is down syndrome
-Turner Syndrome/Klinefeller's syndrome
- a
ma Jacob's syndras
virus replication
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of circular DNA moledet glasmic a
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a
the circular DNA
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a
end dinne Gendhianair
may a
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Mitosis
combinations
↓
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·
-
identiala
being reyland by
-
ascaual reproduction (binary fission)
a
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genruchuen ↳ Sequence of events
e Intyhose Prophes Metaphase Andy has
Teleprese
Process
CIPMAT
I I
2
.
DWA
two
replication
divisions
I
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2 Prophase >
-
coil+
condense
At the start the un23chromosomes e
.
.
shoder
chromosomes ↳. chromosomes start to coil up: becoming +
.
un 3 Seperation of homologis identical
· ↳NAmolecule ina
nucleus ma a of 2
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now consist
of sister chromatids in 2nd thicker chromosomes
↓ 4.
separation >
-
-
chromatids held
together by narrow a
homologousparahmanasect
called
division Shuchses
·
centriole is replicated just before prophase
called De entromere forming M chromos e
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I
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of the nucleus
.
to opposite ends (poles)
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I
·
breaks down
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t
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and to
reaches pole organise
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a
5
.
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where different Cytogenesis
chromosomes is
process during all
yurtin
E S of homologans each other -
infrequent segregate independently of Whensloylasm of Sinae
.
chromosomes membranes
pairs of
results in each gamete usually
containing a the
all nucleus will reform as
ro
gown
two daughter chromosomes uncoil +
· This process
over
·
S
th % parent
Crossing
ratemal chromosomes (from int interphase
ard *
.
cell enter
.
t
mixhse of materal
Chromosomes in each homologous pair
& L
hahalcnnomeherBulled
break rejoin
Wish around each other ; chromatids +
allowing hr an exchange of ↳ chromatids more to opposite poles
chromosomes .
-
to Siste
new by and set
alleles between homologies chromosoms .. creating
combo alleles
Herea gere
m Working out mitotic
1. count cells in Milesis in field of view
Index : field of view
2 .
Divide by total no cells in
3
. Repeat at least 5x
cell Capprox 30 000)
Genome-complete set of
.
,
in a
genes
produce Carex
·
100 God
able to
,
that a cell is
Proteome -
proteins
full range of
A
mrA
Yaminu and
Producing in
eukaryote us prokaryotes
Pre-mRNA produced
-
Splicing
-
splicing doesn't on
Prokaryotes
-
>
- DNA t MRNA
mRNA
pre-mRNA sygliced to
Enhanyoles -small
subunit
is
>
- inhons
present
-
-
introns removed not
&
Transcription Translation
↳ production of poly seplids mRNA
from
↑
of codons carried by
in sequence
1
NAheicaseopensupl genede
as
CampingfirAArbosum
is an
1
tRNA
.
.
reads the template +RNA with 22 At approaches
Structure of DNA and RNA
. RNA polymerase
2
2 2nd RNA
.
mRNA until
stand of DNAtranscriba
a . Ribosome meres
3
along
P site
/Phosphate
is in m
with next set of colors
4 2nd IRNA pairs
↳Phosphodiester bund Sams between
AsbindwellerwithaBeliebond
!
.
I
.
5
nuckolids V
Grass revealssin a
.Ribaeme anyt
leaves nucleus
. pre-mRNA
3 6
baintainsdeenatural
ma RT
syliad atof rmRNA
DubbedChinsen unnanPedroshobic
4 Inkon himogen
? e
.
/
win
↑
effect nucleotide
I
Sugar
Genetic code
Raa
Dabosesuggngar
code an
a
same codone
Universal -
rad
Non-overlapping-successivecodon an in e at of
hight codon
act
Fan Condensationradioaas a ne is ProvidesshenghtStable
the
phosphodieteron
·
Man neus
a
Degenerate
Mocodons form a
>
-
some
several different codons between ↓
a
of Positand gene
Fin·
I
↓
Non-coding DVA - Intens che
code
regions
DWA that don't
Aldemntline. &
for a protein
↳
Multiple repeals ->repeatsequences 2
- DNA
>
a
man
S
-
o
a
nucleotide highly variable, ~
2
. ↓
evenammycloselyrelatedindivideeasting
a &
I
j
Many H bonds . Shong characteristics : store Idof
large
·
-
DWA analysis Watson + crich
UsedrPelicatin ente
+ brensic ·
·
↓
stand replication
X-double self-conservatily
actation.
a
n DNA L can occur
to
Mitochondria +chloroplast representation I stands act as remylate)
a
DNA to prokaryotes coiled. : compact
-
have similar
↓
·
a
#Uhargolic
Broha DoubleShandmont
see
I
a
>
- a
NucleosomestConsist
in
replication
nucleus ~>
DNA
In
-
Inhons
-
no introns
associated with proteins >16base DaisinDn this
-
associated with
-
2 strands of He DNA helix
1. length of double helix
Chistones) nor Helicase enzymes unwind I
a the
areatobe held in a
-
me
↓ proteins breaking the H bonds I seperatingthe
strands
~ be a
Y
Listent
↓
to te outside
chromosome
associated protein
a ne
Eachstandackemaranensha
=
DNA +
.
2
structive a
-
nucleotides have same
bands
-
nucleotides joined by
Phosphodiester
. Condensation
3 reaction joins nucleotides of the new
catalysed bye enzymeDNABoymes a
ShandLoyelle
⑭
nucleosomes
joins te nucleotides a a condensation Gene-sectionofDNeleotide bases
4 DNA polymerase
thatlodeslasenquent
.
between stands
of 3 bases (right) code - a
H bands Come Sequence
reaction -
fora specific AA
geneof
↳
I strand from the base sequence
5. Each DNA molecule contains determines In AA
sequence
location ca gene aa se
-
new as He
molecule + 1 new shand >
- semi-conservative replication of a polypeptide
LOCUS
Of
a
.min eachn
DNA~ mRNA
I
Shand
double helix Single
-
-
-
long
ribose
doxyina
-
= - Uracil
-
H-bonds
/complementers
-
no
H-honds/nocomplement in a
, Can result formation
Mutation
in def
>
:
-
allele
of new
- factorsthat increasanations
I
consequences:
·get
I
Gene mutations -occur where there is a
change in He
sequence of bases
.
Might be lethal "
When a
gene
is copied incorrectly I-melanin sleps or light t . Save
↳NewA causesproteintobesignicantly
light
differen a a Shin at rish
replication
mere
during
are
people
DNA
/
block
I
&
of active site: metabolic
:
E
.
. wrong
g share of reactions :
its in a sequence
play part
enzyme can't
short supply+
intermediate deletion
essential products
build up
in
Substitution ↓ addition
compounds
ansma
↓
Base
·
May have no affect
Wrong base
Extra
added: ·
is
all bases
MayNotChangetarhart Stucis
is
↳ inserted
causing by codey
·Mutationis anan ineren't
AAs coded
inthence
change
Larlatter
addition t
Phenotype
1
·
May be beneficial most
disruptive
↳ kids evolution organism a selective
in >
-
gives
advantagemallitelyto Sumirt
reproda a se
chromosome mutations -
mutations in t nt chromosomy
arise by chromosome non-disjunction
th ne
during meiosis. . increase in
in cell
chromosomes a
↳ Commen
anomaly of chromosome
no in
humansmahomommoe 21
hisomy of chromosome
is down syndrome
-Turner Syndrome/Klinefeller's syndrome
- a
ma Jacob's syndras
virus replication
Binary Ession & # ·
↓ replication
Pedivision,
of circular DNA moledet glasmic a
Read t maneithersiched aree
a
the circular DNA
with single cory of + variable no copies
of
glasmids-
twin S
a
end dinne Gendhianair
may a
-indendalea
Mitosis
combinations
↓
Meiosis BrocbyWhichnueaA
Why :
Growthcatissuerepair
·
-
identiala
being reyland by
-
ascaual reproduction (binary fission)
a
Interphase
genruchuen ↳ Sequence of events
e Intyhose Prophes Metaphase Andy has
Teleprese
Process
CIPMAT
I I
2
.
DWA
two
replication
divisions
I
1 Interphase
2 Prophase >
-
coil+
condense
At the start the un23chromosomes e
.
.
shoder
chromosomes ↳. chromosomes start to coil up: becoming +
.
un 3 Seperation of homologis identical
· ↳NAmolecule ina
nucleus ma a of 2
>in
now consist
of sister chromatids in 2nd thicker chromosomes
↓ 4.
separation >
-
-
chromatids held
together by narrow a
homologousparahmanasect
called
division Shuchses
·
centriole is replicated just before prophase
called De entromere forming M chromos e
5 produces 4 haploid cells region
I
+ No
of the nucleus
.
to opposite ends (poles)
Centides more
I
·
breaks down
envelope
↑
· nuclear
t
3 .
Metaphase helps
Independent segregation
and to
reaches pole organise
Each anhide
a
5
.
Telophase -
division ↳onuchmosomesindealinemblin
where different Cytogenesis
chromosomes is
process during all
yurtin
E S of homologans each other -
infrequent segregate independently of Whensloylasm of Sinae
.
chromosomes membranes
pairs of
results in each gamete usually
containing a the
all nucleus will reform as
ro
gown
two daughter chromosomes uncoil +
· This process
over
·
S
th % parent
Crossing
ratemal chromosomes (from int interphase
ard *
.
cell enter
.
t
mixhse of materal
Chromosomes in each homologous pair
& L
hahalcnnomeherBulled
break rejoin
Wish around each other ; chromatids +
allowing hr an exchange of ↳ chromatids more to opposite poles
chromosomes .
-
to Siste
new by and set
alleles between homologies chromosoms .. creating
combo alleles
Herea gere
m Working out mitotic
1. count cells in Milesis in field of view
Index : field of view
2 .
Divide by total no cells in
3
. Repeat at least 5x
