Chapter 1: Light - Reflection and Refraction
Reflection of Light
1. Laws of Reflection:
- Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection.
- Incident ray, reflected ray, and normal lie in the same plane.
2. Types of Mirrors:
- Plane Mirror: Virtual, upright, same size as the object.
- Spherical Mirror (Concave, Convex): Formula 1/f = 1/v - 1/u.
Refraction of Light
1. Refraction Laws:
- n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r).
2. Refractive Index: n = (Speed of light in vacuum)/(Speed of light in medium).
3. Lens Formula: 1/f = 1/v - 1/u.
4. Magnification: M = h2/h1 = v/u.
Chapter 2: Human Eye and the Colourful World
1. Human Eye:
- Structure: Cornea, lens, retina, iris, and ciliary muscles.
- Power of Accommodation: Eye's ability to adjust focal length.
2. Defects of Vision:
- Myopia: Corrected by concave lens.
- Hypermetropia: Corrected by convex lens.
- Presbyopia: Corrected by bifocal lenses.
3. Dispersion of Light:
- White light splits into constituent colors (VIBGYOR).
- Phenomena like rainbow formation.
4. Scattering of Light:
Reflection of Light
1. Laws of Reflection:
- Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection.
- Incident ray, reflected ray, and normal lie in the same plane.
2. Types of Mirrors:
- Plane Mirror: Virtual, upright, same size as the object.
- Spherical Mirror (Concave, Convex): Formula 1/f = 1/v - 1/u.
Refraction of Light
1. Refraction Laws:
- n1 * sin(i) = n2 * sin(r).
2. Refractive Index: n = (Speed of light in vacuum)/(Speed of light in medium).
3. Lens Formula: 1/f = 1/v - 1/u.
4. Magnification: M = h2/h1 = v/u.
Chapter 2: Human Eye and the Colourful World
1. Human Eye:
- Structure: Cornea, lens, retina, iris, and ciliary muscles.
- Power of Accommodation: Eye's ability to adjust focal length.
2. Defects of Vision:
- Myopia: Corrected by concave lens.
- Hypermetropia: Corrected by convex lens.
- Presbyopia: Corrected by bifocal lenses.
3. Dispersion of Light:
- White light splits into constituent colors (VIBGYOR).
- Phenomena like rainbow formation.
4. Scattering of Light:
