Data management Foundations Exam Questions and Answers Latest Update 2025
Equijoin - Answers Compares columns of two tables with the = operator.
non-equijoin - Answers compares columns with an operator other than =, such as <, >
Self Join - Answers Joins a table to itself
Cross Join - Answers Combines two tables without comparing columns.
INNER JOIN - Answers selects only matching left and right table rows.
FULL JOIN - Answers selects all left and right table rows, regardless of match
LEFT JOIN - Answers selects all left table rows, but only matching right table rows.
RIGHT JOIN - Answers selects all right table rows, but only matching left table rows.
OUTTER JOIN - Answers Finds Missing, unmatched rows - will contain NULL
First Normal Form (1NF) - Answers The first stage in the normalization process. It describes a relation
depicted in tabular format, with no repeating groups and a primary key identified. All nonkey attributes
in the relation are dependent on the primary key.
Second Normal Form (2NF) - Answers The second stage in the normalization process, in which a relation
is in 1NF and there are no partial dependencies (dependencies in only part of the primary key).
Third Normal Form (3NF) - Answers A table is in 3NF when it is in 2NF and no nonkey attribute is
functionally dependent on another nonkey attribute; that is, it cannot include transitive dependencies.
Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF) - Answers A special type of third normal form (3NF) in which every
determinant is a candidate key. A table in BCNF must be in 3NF. See also determinant.
Fourth Normal Form (4NF) - Answers A table that is in 3NF and contains no multiple independent sets of
multivalued dependencies.
Fifth Normal Form (5NF) - Answers A normal form necessary to eliminate an anomaly where a table can
be split apart but not correctly joined back together.
Also known as Project-Join Normal Form (PJ/NF).
DDL (Data Definition Language) - Answers A part of SQL that is used to create and modify objects of a
database such as tables, views, functions and stored procedures
DQL (Data Query Language) - Answers Retrieves data from the database.
DCL (Data Control Language) - Answers Commands that control a database, including administering
privileges and committing data
, DTL (Data Transaction Language) - Answers manages database transactions
DML (Data Manipulation Language) - Answers A part of SQL that is used query, insert, update and
remove data from a database
Candidate Key - Answers Describes the unique columns in a table that do not contain a primary key
Composite Key - Answers A primary key that consists of more than one attribute. Denoted by
parentheses
Foreign Key - Answers A primary key from one table that is used in another table. (Many to many
relationship)
Primary Key - Answers a field that uniquely identifies a record in a table
Hash Index - Answers index entries are assigned to buckets
Logical Index - Answers A single- or multi-level index in which pointers to table blocks are replaced with
primary key values.
Bitmap Index - Answers A grid of bits
Function Index - Answers The database designer specifies a function on the column value. Index entries
contain the result of the function applied to column values, rather than the column values.
Trivial dependency - Answers When the columns of A are a subset of the columns of B, A always
depends on B.
Non-Trivial Dependency - Answers Boyce-Codd Normal Form. Whenever column A depends on column
B, then column B is unique
CHECK Constraint - Answers specifies an expression on one or more columns of a table
UNIQUE Constraint - Answers Ensures that all values in a column are different (unique)
Table Constraint - Answers A table constraint appears in a separate clause of a CREATE TABLE statement
and governs values in one or more columns.
Column Constraint - Answers Governs values in a single column.
Materialized View - Answers a view for which data is stored at all times
Aggregate Functions - Answers perform arithmetic operations on selected records in a database:
Count()
Min()
Equijoin - Answers Compares columns of two tables with the = operator.
non-equijoin - Answers compares columns with an operator other than =, such as <, >
Self Join - Answers Joins a table to itself
Cross Join - Answers Combines two tables without comparing columns.
INNER JOIN - Answers selects only matching left and right table rows.
FULL JOIN - Answers selects all left and right table rows, regardless of match
LEFT JOIN - Answers selects all left table rows, but only matching right table rows.
RIGHT JOIN - Answers selects all right table rows, but only matching left table rows.
OUTTER JOIN - Answers Finds Missing, unmatched rows - will contain NULL
First Normal Form (1NF) - Answers The first stage in the normalization process. It describes a relation
depicted in tabular format, with no repeating groups and a primary key identified. All nonkey attributes
in the relation are dependent on the primary key.
Second Normal Form (2NF) - Answers The second stage in the normalization process, in which a relation
is in 1NF and there are no partial dependencies (dependencies in only part of the primary key).
Third Normal Form (3NF) - Answers A table is in 3NF when it is in 2NF and no nonkey attribute is
functionally dependent on another nonkey attribute; that is, it cannot include transitive dependencies.
Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF) - Answers A special type of third normal form (3NF) in which every
determinant is a candidate key. A table in BCNF must be in 3NF. See also determinant.
Fourth Normal Form (4NF) - Answers A table that is in 3NF and contains no multiple independent sets of
multivalued dependencies.
Fifth Normal Form (5NF) - Answers A normal form necessary to eliminate an anomaly where a table can
be split apart but not correctly joined back together.
Also known as Project-Join Normal Form (PJ/NF).
DDL (Data Definition Language) - Answers A part of SQL that is used to create and modify objects of a
database such as tables, views, functions and stored procedures
DQL (Data Query Language) - Answers Retrieves data from the database.
DCL (Data Control Language) - Answers Commands that control a database, including administering
privileges and committing data
, DTL (Data Transaction Language) - Answers manages database transactions
DML (Data Manipulation Language) - Answers A part of SQL that is used query, insert, update and
remove data from a database
Candidate Key - Answers Describes the unique columns in a table that do not contain a primary key
Composite Key - Answers A primary key that consists of more than one attribute. Denoted by
parentheses
Foreign Key - Answers A primary key from one table that is used in another table. (Many to many
relationship)
Primary Key - Answers a field that uniquely identifies a record in a table
Hash Index - Answers index entries are assigned to buckets
Logical Index - Answers A single- or multi-level index in which pointers to table blocks are replaced with
primary key values.
Bitmap Index - Answers A grid of bits
Function Index - Answers The database designer specifies a function on the column value. Index entries
contain the result of the function applied to column values, rather than the column values.
Trivial dependency - Answers When the columns of A are a subset of the columns of B, A always
depends on B.
Non-Trivial Dependency - Answers Boyce-Codd Normal Form. Whenever column A depends on column
B, then column B is unique
CHECK Constraint - Answers specifies an expression on one or more columns of a table
UNIQUE Constraint - Answers Ensures that all values in a column are different (unique)
Table Constraint - Answers A table constraint appears in a separate clause of a CREATE TABLE statement
and governs values in one or more columns.
Column Constraint - Answers Governs values in a single column.
Materialized View - Answers a view for which data is stored at all times
Aggregate Functions - Answers perform arithmetic operations on selected records in a database:
Count()
Min()
