The same letter is used for a gene (PP, Pp, pp) capital for dominant, lowercase for recessive
Phenotype
● Your outward appearance
● What you typically see
● Combination of the environment and genotype
Genotype
● What alleles are present in your code
● Cannot always deduce from looking at the organism
● Genotype + environment = phenotype
Loci
● Strand of DNA where gene is found
One gene won’t always influence the other
Law of independent assortment
● Inheriting 1 gene doesn’t affect the inheritance of another
○ Dihybrid cross
■ Looking at 2 crosses at once
Test cross
● Pair an organism with unknown genotype with an organism with a known genotype
Probability
● Rule of multiplication
○ Probability of duel events occurring is the probability of each event multiplied
■ Ex: flip to coins: potential outcomes
, ● HH
● HT
● TH
● TT
What traits are not inherited like this?
● Height
● Skin color
● Eye color
● Others?
Incomplete dominance
● 3 different phenotypes or more
● Variance of genes
Epigenetics and environmental effects
● Nature vs nurture debate is irrelevant. The two of them work together. One isn’t more
influential than the other
● Chemicals or proteins in the environment can alter expression
● Similar environment over time can have similar effects over generations
X inactivation: a gene might not be displayed due to one x chromosome not working
Chimera: a parent’s genome might not match the offspring’s
Nueces a doce: nuts at twelve in Spanish
Phenotype
● Your outward appearance
● What you typically see
● Combination of the environment and genotype
Genotype
● What alleles are present in your code
● Cannot always deduce from looking at the organism
● Genotype + environment = phenotype
Loci
● Strand of DNA where gene is found
One gene won’t always influence the other
Law of independent assortment
● Inheriting 1 gene doesn’t affect the inheritance of another
○ Dihybrid cross
■ Looking at 2 crosses at once
Test cross
● Pair an organism with unknown genotype with an organism with a known genotype
Probability
● Rule of multiplication
○ Probability of duel events occurring is the probability of each event multiplied
■ Ex: flip to coins: potential outcomes
, ● HH
● HT
● TH
● TT
What traits are not inherited like this?
● Height
● Skin color
● Eye color
● Others?
Incomplete dominance
● 3 different phenotypes or more
● Variance of genes
Epigenetics and environmental effects
● Nature vs nurture debate is irrelevant. The two of them work together. One isn’t more
influential than the other
● Chemicals or proteins in the environment can alter expression
● Similar environment over time can have similar effects over generations
X inactivation: a gene might not be displayed due to one x chromosome not working
Chimera: a parent’s genome might not match the offspring’s
Nueces a doce: nuts at twelve in Spanish
