NR 503 EPI EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS
Minorities - Answer-a culturally, ethnically, or racially distinct group that coexists with but
is subordinate to a more dominant group. as the term is used I the social sciences, this
subordinacy is the chief defining characteristic of a minority group. As such, minority
status does not necessarily correlate population.
food desert - Answer-an urban area in which it is difficult to buy affordable or good-
quality fresh food.
determinant of health - Answer-the range of personal, social, economic, and
environmental factors that influence health status
determinants of health fall under several broad categories - Answer-policymaking, social
factors, health services, individuals’ behavior, biology and genetics.
It is the interrelationships among these factors that determine individual and population
health. Because of this, interventions that target multiple determinants of health are
most likely to be effective. Determinants of health reach beyond the boundaries of
traditional health care and public health sectors; sectors such as education, housing,
transportation, agriculture, and environment can be important allies in improving
population health.
Social determinants of health - Answer-· Availability of resources to meet daily needs,
such as educational and job opportunities, living wages, or healthful foods
· Social norms and attitudes, such as discrimination
· Exposure to crime, violence, and social disorder, such as the presence of trash
· Social support and social interactions
· Exposure to mass media and emerging technologies, such as the Internet or cell
phones
· Socioeconomic conditions, such as concentrated poverty
· Quality schools
· Transportation options
· Public safety
· Residential segregation.
They are important because they play a huge part on how a person is treated an how
prone they are to have a certain condition.
Social justice - Answer-implies that there is a fair and equitable distribution of benefits
and burdens in a society
Data Sources used to assess determinants of health include: - Answer-Chronic Disease
Indicators, Interactive Atlas of Heart Disease and Stroke, National Center for HIV/AIDS,
,Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention Atlas, National Environmental Public Health
Tracking Network, and The Social Vulnerability Index.
Genetic testing - Answer-analyzes your DNA to detect specific, inheritable, disease-
related gene mutations that may increase the risk of certain cancers. It provides you
with an in-depth cancer risk assessment.
Genomics - Answer-is an interdisciplinary field of biology focusing on the structure,
function, evolution, mapping, and editing of genomes. A genome is an organism's
complete set of DNA, including all of its genes.
Pharmacogenomics - Answer-is the study of how genes affect a person's response to
drugs. This relatively new field combines pharmacology (the science of drugs) and
genomics (the study of genes and their functions) to develop effective, safe medications
and doses that will be tailored to a person's genetic makeup
Genetic epidemiology - Answer-The link of epidemiology and genetics.
is the study of the role of genetic factors in determining health and disease in families
and in populations, and the interplay of such genetic factors with environmental factors.
Genetic epidemiology seeks to derive a statistical and quantitative analysis of how
genetics work in large groups.
Genomics - Answer-The study of all genes in the human genome as well as their
interaction with other genes, the individual's environment, and the influence of cultural
and psychosocial factors.
plays a role in 9 of the 10 leading causes of death,5 including: Heart Disease, Cancer,
Stroke, Diabetes, Alzheimer's disease. Women with a high risk of cancer should get
genetic testing and those recently diagnosed with colorectal cancer.
The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (GINA) - Answer-is a federal law
that protects individuals from genetic discrimination in health insurance and
employment. Genetic discrimination is the misuse of genetic information.
Essential components include - Answer-the intake, cancer risk assessment, genetic
testing for an inherited cancer syndrome, informed consent, disclosure of genetic test
results, and psychosocial assessment
All traits depend both on genetic and environmental factors. - Answer-Heredity and
environment interact to produce their effects. This means that the way genes act
depends on the environment in which they act. In the same way, the effects of
environment depend on the genes with which they work. For example, people vary in
height. Although height is highly heritable , environmental variables can have a large
impact. For example, Japanese-Americans are on the average taller and heavier than
their second cousins who grew up in Japan, reflecting the effect of environmental
variables, especially dietary differences.
, Point Source Outbreaks - Answer-Common source outbreaks where the source has
infected cases at one particular geographical location, during a short period of time. In
such situations the source is said to be located 'at a single point in time and place'.
These outbreaks have a typical bell shaped epidemic curve, that increases sharply,
peaks and then decline sharply, which reflects the normal distribution of the incubation
period of the causative agent in humans. For this reason, the epidemic curve of a point
source outbreak can help us identify the moment of transmission (i.e. when all cases
have been exposed to the source).
Propagated outbreaks - Answer-When an infectious disease is communicable (i.e. can
be transmitted from person to person), then we can no longer consider that a single,
common source is responsible for the outbreak. The causative agent is propagated
within the population through human contact patterns. The shape of the epidemic curve
in propagated outbreaks can vary and depends on the contact pattern and the
proportion of susceptible individuals.
Classically, when a pathogen is introduced into a fully naive (i.e. fully susceptible)
population with relatively easy person to person transmission (e.g. airborne), the
epidemic curve increases sharply with incremental 'jumps'. The jumps reflect the
generations of cases in the population.
Sporadic - Answer-refers to a disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly.
Endemic - Answer-refers to the constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease
or infectious agent in a population within a geographic area.
Hyperendemic - Answer-refers to persistent, high levels of disease occurrence.
Occasionally, the amount of disease in a community rises above the expected level.
Epidemic - Answer-refers to an increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a
disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area.
Outbreak - Answer-carries the same definition of epidemic, but is often used for a more
limited geographic area.
Cluster - Answer-refers to an aggregation of cases grouped in place and time that are
suspected to be greater than the number expected, even though the expected number
may not be known.
Pandemic - Answer-refers to an epidemic that has spread over several countries or
continents, usually affecting a large number of people.
Disaster Epidemiology - Answer-is defined as the use of epidemiology to assess the
short- and long-term adverse health effects of disasters and to predict consequences of
future disasters.
CORRECT ANSWERS
Minorities - Answer-a culturally, ethnically, or racially distinct group that coexists with but
is subordinate to a more dominant group. as the term is used I the social sciences, this
subordinacy is the chief defining characteristic of a minority group. As such, minority
status does not necessarily correlate population.
food desert - Answer-an urban area in which it is difficult to buy affordable or good-
quality fresh food.
determinant of health - Answer-the range of personal, social, economic, and
environmental factors that influence health status
determinants of health fall under several broad categories - Answer-policymaking, social
factors, health services, individuals’ behavior, biology and genetics.
It is the interrelationships among these factors that determine individual and population
health. Because of this, interventions that target multiple determinants of health are
most likely to be effective. Determinants of health reach beyond the boundaries of
traditional health care and public health sectors; sectors such as education, housing,
transportation, agriculture, and environment can be important allies in improving
population health.
Social determinants of health - Answer-· Availability of resources to meet daily needs,
such as educational and job opportunities, living wages, or healthful foods
· Social norms and attitudes, such as discrimination
· Exposure to crime, violence, and social disorder, such as the presence of trash
· Social support and social interactions
· Exposure to mass media and emerging technologies, such as the Internet or cell
phones
· Socioeconomic conditions, such as concentrated poverty
· Quality schools
· Transportation options
· Public safety
· Residential segregation.
They are important because they play a huge part on how a person is treated an how
prone they are to have a certain condition.
Social justice - Answer-implies that there is a fair and equitable distribution of benefits
and burdens in a society
Data Sources used to assess determinants of health include: - Answer-Chronic Disease
Indicators, Interactive Atlas of Heart Disease and Stroke, National Center for HIV/AIDS,
,Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention Atlas, National Environmental Public Health
Tracking Network, and The Social Vulnerability Index.
Genetic testing - Answer-analyzes your DNA to detect specific, inheritable, disease-
related gene mutations that may increase the risk of certain cancers. It provides you
with an in-depth cancer risk assessment.
Genomics - Answer-is an interdisciplinary field of biology focusing on the structure,
function, evolution, mapping, and editing of genomes. A genome is an organism's
complete set of DNA, including all of its genes.
Pharmacogenomics - Answer-is the study of how genes affect a person's response to
drugs. This relatively new field combines pharmacology (the science of drugs) and
genomics (the study of genes and their functions) to develop effective, safe medications
and doses that will be tailored to a person's genetic makeup
Genetic epidemiology - Answer-The link of epidemiology and genetics.
is the study of the role of genetic factors in determining health and disease in families
and in populations, and the interplay of such genetic factors with environmental factors.
Genetic epidemiology seeks to derive a statistical and quantitative analysis of how
genetics work in large groups.
Genomics - Answer-The study of all genes in the human genome as well as their
interaction with other genes, the individual's environment, and the influence of cultural
and psychosocial factors.
plays a role in 9 of the 10 leading causes of death,5 including: Heart Disease, Cancer,
Stroke, Diabetes, Alzheimer's disease. Women with a high risk of cancer should get
genetic testing and those recently diagnosed with colorectal cancer.
The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (GINA) - Answer-is a federal law
that protects individuals from genetic discrimination in health insurance and
employment. Genetic discrimination is the misuse of genetic information.
Essential components include - Answer-the intake, cancer risk assessment, genetic
testing for an inherited cancer syndrome, informed consent, disclosure of genetic test
results, and psychosocial assessment
All traits depend both on genetic and environmental factors. - Answer-Heredity and
environment interact to produce their effects. This means that the way genes act
depends on the environment in which they act. In the same way, the effects of
environment depend on the genes with which they work. For example, people vary in
height. Although height is highly heritable , environmental variables can have a large
impact. For example, Japanese-Americans are on the average taller and heavier than
their second cousins who grew up in Japan, reflecting the effect of environmental
variables, especially dietary differences.
, Point Source Outbreaks - Answer-Common source outbreaks where the source has
infected cases at one particular geographical location, during a short period of time. In
such situations the source is said to be located 'at a single point in time and place'.
These outbreaks have a typical bell shaped epidemic curve, that increases sharply,
peaks and then decline sharply, which reflects the normal distribution of the incubation
period of the causative agent in humans. For this reason, the epidemic curve of a point
source outbreak can help us identify the moment of transmission (i.e. when all cases
have been exposed to the source).
Propagated outbreaks - Answer-When an infectious disease is communicable (i.e. can
be transmitted from person to person), then we can no longer consider that a single,
common source is responsible for the outbreak. The causative agent is propagated
within the population through human contact patterns. The shape of the epidemic curve
in propagated outbreaks can vary and depends on the contact pattern and the
proportion of susceptible individuals.
Classically, when a pathogen is introduced into a fully naive (i.e. fully susceptible)
population with relatively easy person to person transmission (e.g. airborne), the
epidemic curve increases sharply with incremental 'jumps'. The jumps reflect the
generations of cases in the population.
Sporadic - Answer-refers to a disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly.
Endemic - Answer-refers to the constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease
or infectious agent in a population within a geographic area.
Hyperendemic - Answer-refers to persistent, high levels of disease occurrence.
Occasionally, the amount of disease in a community rises above the expected level.
Epidemic - Answer-refers to an increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a
disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area.
Outbreak - Answer-carries the same definition of epidemic, but is often used for a more
limited geographic area.
Cluster - Answer-refers to an aggregation of cases grouped in place and time that are
suspected to be greater than the number expected, even though the expected number
may not be known.
Pandemic - Answer-refers to an epidemic that has spread over several countries or
continents, usually affecting a large number of people.
Disaster Epidemiology - Answer-is defined as the use of epidemiology to assess the
short- and long-term adverse health effects of disasters and to predict consequences of
future disasters.
