NR 503 CHAMBERLAIN MID TERM
ANABELL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS (DEFINITE PASS)
Risk analysis - Answer-the characterization of the potential adverse health effects of
human exposures to environmental hazards
Health disparities - Answer-the difference in health statuses between various groups
(populations).
Sensitivity - Answer-measures the proportion of actual positives that are correctly
identified as such (e.g., the percentage of sick people who are correctly identified as
having the condition)
Specificity - Answer-(also called the true negative rate) measures the proportion of
actual negatives that are correctly identified as such (e.g., the percentage of healthy
people who are correctly identified as not having the condition)
Positive predictive value - Answer-is the probability that subjects with a positive
screening test truly have the disease
epidemiological triangle - Answer-1. A traditional model of infectious disease causation,
known as the Epidemiological Triad is depicted in Figure 2. The triad consists of an
external agent, a host and an environment in which host and agent are brought
together, causing the disease to occur in the host.
confounding variable - Answer-is an "extra" variable that you didn't account for. They
can ruin an experiment and give you useless results. They can suggest there is
correlation when in fact there isn't. They can even introduce bias. That's why it's
important to know what one is, and how to avoid getting them into your experiment in
the first place
Study Methods - Answer-descriptive and analytic
descriptive study AKA Natural history of disease - Answer-It is the first step in
epidemiology investigation. Used to describe the distribution of the disease and other
health-related states and events. Describes person place and time. Provided data for
program planning, resource planning, and generates a hypothesis. There are 4 types:
correlational (ecologic) studies, case reports, case series, and cross-sectional studies.
analytic study - Answer-consists of observational and experimental. Observational
include case control and cohort. Experimental includes random control trial (typically for
new drug testing), field trial (conducted on those who have a high risk of obtained a
, disease), and community trial (research is conducted on an entire community or
neighborhood). Test a hypothesis.
Rapid Cycle Improvement (RCI) - Answer-1. "quality improvement method that
identifies, implements and measures changes made to improve a process or a system."
it implies that changes are made and tested over periods of three or months or less,
rather than the standard eight to twelve months. It consists of fours stages:
Plan: Identify an opportunity to improve and plan a change or test of how something
works.
Do: Carry out the plan on a small number of patients. The test period may be as short
as one day for small PDSA cycles.
Study:Examine the results. Did you achieve your goals?
Act: Use your results to make a decision, incorporate changes into your workflow, and
establish future quality improvement plans
Is screening a tertiary intervention? If yes, why, if not, what is it? - Answer-No, it is
secondary.
How does a provider determine the usefulness, appropriateness, of a screening test? -
Answer-Determining whether a screening test is appropriate requires the APRN to
address several aspects of the disease of interest. The target population needs to be
identifiable. There should be enough people to make the study cost effective. The
preclinical period should be proficient to allow treatment before symptoms appear so
that early diagnosis and treatment make a difference in terms of outcomes.
Can you explain what "descriptive epidemiology" means? What is the purpose? How is
it used? - Answer-It covers time place and person.
First, by looking at the data carefully, the epidemiologist becomes very familiar with the
data. He or she can see what the data can or cannot reveal based on the variables
available, its limitations (for example, the number of records with missing information for
each important variable), and its eccentricities (for example, all cases range in age from
2 months to 6 years, plus one 17-year-old.).
Second, the epidemiologist learns the extent and pattern of the public health problem
being investigated — which months, which neighborhoods, and which groups of people
have the most and least cases.
Third, the epidemiologist creates a detailed description of the health of a population that
can be easily communicated with tables, graphs, and maps.
Fourth, the epidemiologist can identify areas or groups within the population that have
high rates of disease. This information in turn provides important clues to the causes of
the disease, and these clues can be turned into testable hypotheses.
How are causation and descriptive epidemiology related, how do they work together to
aid evidence-based care? - Answer-Causation- helps look at the cause of the issue or
disease process. Descriptive epidemiology focuses on the person, place, and time. An
example of how they are intertwined might be a person who was sick from E. Coli. The
ANABELL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS (DEFINITE PASS)
Risk analysis - Answer-the characterization of the potential adverse health effects of
human exposures to environmental hazards
Health disparities - Answer-the difference in health statuses between various groups
(populations).
Sensitivity - Answer-measures the proportion of actual positives that are correctly
identified as such (e.g., the percentage of sick people who are correctly identified as
having the condition)
Specificity - Answer-(also called the true negative rate) measures the proportion of
actual negatives that are correctly identified as such (e.g., the percentage of healthy
people who are correctly identified as not having the condition)
Positive predictive value - Answer-is the probability that subjects with a positive
screening test truly have the disease
epidemiological triangle - Answer-1. A traditional model of infectious disease causation,
known as the Epidemiological Triad is depicted in Figure 2. The triad consists of an
external agent, a host and an environment in which host and agent are brought
together, causing the disease to occur in the host.
confounding variable - Answer-is an "extra" variable that you didn't account for. They
can ruin an experiment and give you useless results. They can suggest there is
correlation when in fact there isn't. They can even introduce bias. That's why it's
important to know what one is, and how to avoid getting them into your experiment in
the first place
Study Methods - Answer-descriptive and analytic
descriptive study AKA Natural history of disease - Answer-It is the first step in
epidemiology investigation. Used to describe the distribution of the disease and other
health-related states and events. Describes person place and time. Provided data for
program planning, resource planning, and generates a hypothesis. There are 4 types:
correlational (ecologic) studies, case reports, case series, and cross-sectional studies.
analytic study - Answer-consists of observational and experimental. Observational
include case control and cohort. Experimental includes random control trial (typically for
new drug testing), field trial (conducted on those who have a high risk of obtained a
, disease), and community trial (research is conducted on an entire community or
neighborhood). Test a hypothesis.
Rapid Cycle Improvement (RCI) - Answer-1. "quality improvement method that
identifies, implements and measures changes made to improve a process or a system."
it implies that changes are made and tested over periods of three or months or less,
rather than the standard eight to twelve months. It consists of fours stages:
Plan: Identify an opportunity to improve and plan a change or test of how something
works.
Do: Carry out the plan on a small number of patients. The test period may be as short
as one day for small PDSA cycles.
Study:Examine the results. Did you achieve your goals?
Act: Use your results to make a decision, incorporate changes into your workflow, and
establish future quality improvement plans
Is screening a tertiary intervention? If yes, why, if not, what is it? - Answer-No, it is
secondary.
How does a provider determine the usefulness, appropriateness, of a screening test? -
Answer-Determining whether a screening test is appropriate requires the APRN to
address several aspects of the disease of interest. The target population needs to be
identifiable. There should be enough people to make the study cost effective. The
preclinical period should be proficient to allow treatment before symptoms appear so
that early diagnosis and treatment make a difference in terms of outcomes.
Can you explain what "descriptive epidemiology" means? What is the purpose? How is
it used? - Answer-It covers time place and person.
First, by looking at the data carefully, the epidemiologist becomes very familiar with the
data. He or she can see what the data can or cannot reveal based on the variables
available, its limitations (for example, the number of records with missing information for
each important variable), and its eccentricities (for example, all cases range in age from
2 months to 6 years, plus one 17-year-old.).
Second, the epidemiologist learns the extent and pattern of the public health problem
being investigated — which months, which neighborhoods, and which groups of people
have the most and least cases.
Third, the epidemiologist creates a detailed description of the health of a population that
can be easily communicated with tables, graphs, and maps.
Fourth, the epidemiologist can identify areas or groups within the population that have
high rates of disease. This information in turn provides important clues to the causes of
the disease, and these clues can be turned into testable hypotheses.
How are causation and descriptive epidemiology related, how do they work together to
aid evidence-based care? - Answer-Causation- helps look at the cause of the issue or
disease process. Descriptive epidemiology focuses on the person, place, and time. An
example of how they are intertwined might be a person who was sick from E. Coli. The
