Excellent NR 507 Midterm Test With Latest 2024/ 2025 Updated Questions and Verified Answers (Grade A+)

Gap junction - ANSWER A type of intercellular junction in animals that allows the passage of materials between cells. signal transduction - ANSWER A series of molecular changes that converts a signal on a target cell's surface to a specific response inside the cell. cellular metabolism - ANSWER all of the chemical reactions that are part of maintaining cellular function Anabolism - ANSWER Metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring energy. catabolism - ANSWER Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy. anaerobic metabolism - ANSWER The metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the principle product is lactic acid. aerobic metabolism - ANSWER The cellular process in which oxygen is used to metabolize glucose. Energy is produced in an efficient manner with minimal waste products. leukotrines - ANSWER mediator of degranulation that tend to cause prolonged contractions of certain smooth muscles and their action contributes to the spasms of the bronchial tubes that occur during asthma attacks Prostaglandins - ANSWER Intensify histamine and kinin effect Hapten - ANSWER small molecule that has to bind to a larger molecule to form an antigen tetrad of inflammation - ANSWER redness swelling heat pain First line of immunity - ANSWER intact skin and mucous membranes Second line of immunity - ANSWER Inflammation 2 types of inflammation - ANSWER acute - <2 wks chronic - >2 wks What are the 2 responses in acute inflammation? - ANSWER constriction of large vessel walls and dilation of capillaries How do mast cells recruit other WBC? - ANSWER release of chemotactic factors that signal other WBCs Leukotrienes - ANSWER activate and attract neutrophils and eosinophils What chemical mediators are synthesized by mast cells? - ANSWER leukotrienes and prostaglandins Chemicals secreted by cells - ANSWER hormones neurotransmitters cytokines Three Methods of Communication between cells - ANSWER Gap junction chemical secretion Remote Signaling remote signaling - ANSWER chemicals secreted can travel near or far to a specific cell chemical secretion - ANSWER cells secrete chemicals into the bloodstream How do mast cells synthesize chemical mediators? - ANSWER Oxidation of arachidonic acid prostiglandins - ANSWER fatty acids involved in the control of inflammation and body temperature stimulate nerve endings = pain Antigen - ANSWER large molecules that are foreign to the host PAMP - ANSWER pathogen-associated molecular pattern- molecular pattern on surface of bacteria, viruses, and other microbes DAMP - ANSWER damage-associated molecular pattern - proteins that are released from human cells when they are damaged PRR - ANSWER Pattern Recognition Receptors. Receptors that recognize PAMPs or DAMPs Diapedesis - ANSWER passage of blood cells (especially white blood cells) through intact capillary walls and into the surrounding tissue Chemotaxis - ANSWER Cell movement that occurs in response to chemical stimulus in the direction of the Ag the primary phagocytic WBCs - ANSWER neutrophils and monocytes How long after insult doe neutrophils arrive? - ANSWER 3-6 hours How long after insult doe monocytes arrive? - ANSWER within 24 hours What are monocytes called when actively involved in the inflammatory response? - ANSWER macrophages Steps of phagocytosis - ANSWER opsonization and adherence - WBC attaches to pathogen engulfment - WBC surrounds and ingests Ag fusion of phagosome with lysosome destruction - the phagosome is digested by the lysosome egestion - expelled from macrophage and cleaned by eosinophils What is released by the WBC during phagocytic digestion? - ANSWER interleukin-1 immunogen - ANSWER large molecules that are foreign to the host that are recognized and bind to receptors on immune system components, resulting in activation of B and T cells immunological self-tolerance - ANSWER the lack of immune responsiveness to an individual's own tissue markers to be immunogenic an Antigen must be.... - ANSWER foreign to the host appropriate in size chemically complex present in sufficient quantity hapten - ANSWER small molecule that has to bind to a larger molecule to form an antigen Examples of haptens - ANSWER peanuts, dairy, shellfish, poison ivy, medications Where are B-cells stored for use? - ANSWER bone marrow Where are T-cells stored? - ANSWER thymus Endogenous antigens - ANSWER antigens produced by microbes or from genetic mutation that multiply inside the cells of the body MHC I proteins are expressed on all ___________ cells - ANSWER nucleated cells exogenous antigens - ANSWER foreign material remaining after phagocytic digestion of bacteria or other Ag Tc cell function - ANSWER cytotoxic T cells that directly attack and destroy the Ag T h1 cell function - ANSWER release chemicals that signal more WBC to come to the area enhancing inflammation T r cell funtion - ANSWER "regulators" shut down response once the Ag level drops T m cell funtion - ANSWER "memory" cells remain dormant until the next exposure to this specific antigen