BMS Exam 1 with verified answers
Name |a |significant, |nationally |known, |living |figure |in |the |biomedical |sciences |or |in |clinical |practice.
|What |are |they |known |for? |This |person |must |be |a |woman |or |a |minority. |- |correct |answer |--
|Rochelle |Paula |Walensky |is |known |for |working |to |improve |the |screening |of |HIV |and |HIV |care |in
|South |Africa. |
She |is |an |American |physician-scientist |that |is |the |director |of |the |CDC, |the |administrator |of |Agency
|for |Toxic |Substances |and |Disease |Registry. |
She |is |also |known |for |motivating |health |policy |in |addition |to |informing |clinical |trial |design.
Name |a |second |significant |figure |in |the |health |sciences |from |any |background. |- |correct |answer |-
Sanjay |Gupta |is |the |associate |chief |of |neurosurgery |service |at |Grady |Memorial |Hospital |in |Atlanta,
|GA., |an |associate |professor |of |neurosurgery |at |the |Emory |University |School |of |Medicine, |a |chief
|medical |correspondent |for |CNN, |and |a |member |of |the |of |the |National |Academy |of |Medicine. |
Big |in |the |field |of |neuroscience |and |recently |published |a |book |in |which |he |talks |about |how |to |keep
|your |mind |sharp |by |doing |certain |activities |daily.
He |based |his |ideas |on |his |research |and |through |collaboration |with |other |scientists |to |discover |more
|about |cognitive |longevity.
Who |was |Jonas |Salk? |- |correct |answer |-Jonas |Salk |was |a |public |figure |when |he |developed |one |of
|the |first |effective |vaccines |against |polio |in |the |1950s. |
In |the |midst |1960s |he |found |in |the |independent |Salk |Institute.
What |is |the |significance |of |the |Salk |Institute? |- |correct |answer |-The |Salk |Institute |is |a |place |where
|scientists |could |work |collaboratively |on |major |biomedical |issues.
,It |continues |to |this |day |and |is |considered |one |of |the |most |prestigious |independent |research
|institutes |in |the |world. |
It |does |have |one |relatively |"new" |focus |and |that |is |the |study |of |aging. |This |reflects |the |interests |of
|its |president |who |is |noted |above.
Name |three |of |the |BMS |PLO |- |correct |answer |-Microbiology
Normal |human |anatomy |and |physiology |(including |changes |in |aging)
Immunology |(basic |& |vaccines)
Name |three |of |the |SHS |ILO |- |correct |answer |-Disease |& |health |diversity
Challenges |of |aging
Diverse |role |models
Name |two |reasons |why |older |individuals |from |different |ethnic |backgrounds |may |distrust |the
|biomedical |community? |- |correct |answer |-1. |the |history |of |inequitable |treatment |such |as |the
|Tuskegee |experiment |and |sterilization |without |consent, |and |stereotyping
2. |Current |issues |such |as |the |fact |that |African-American |infant |mortality |is |higher |when |the |doctor
|is |not |an |African-American
What |was |the |eugenics |movement |in |the |United |States |during |the |first |half |of |the |20th |century? |-
|correct |answer |-- |The |Eugenics |movement |took |place |in |the |United |States |in |the |early |1900's |and
|was |led |by |Charles |Davenport |(prominent |biologist) |and |Harry |Laughlin |(former |teacher |and
|preacher |interested |in |breeding). |Davenport |founded |the |eugenics |record |office |(ERO) |to |improve
|aspects |of |the |human |family. |Laughlin |was |the |first |director. |During |the |1920's |and |1930's, |the
|American |eugenics |society |was |founded, |other |local |societies |and |groups |around |the |country |were
|formed |too.
,Fitter |family |and |better |baby |competitions. |Movies |and |books |promoting |eugenic |principles |were
|popular
The |movement |focused |on |eliminating |negative |traits; |concentrated |in |poor, |uneducated, |and
|minority |populations. |In |an |attempt |to |prevent |these |groups |from |propagating, |eugenicists |helped
|drive |legislation |for |their |forced |sterilization. |
The |first |state |to |enact |a |sterilization |law |was |Indiana |in |1907, |quickly |followed |by |California |and
|28 |other |states |by |1931. |These |laws |resulted |in |the |forced |sterilization |of |over |64,000 |people |in
|the |United |States. |
At |first, |sterilization |efforts |focused |on |the |disabled |but |later |grew |to |include |people |whose |only
|"crime" |was |poverty. |These |sterilization |programs |found |legal |support |in |the |Supreme |Court. |
In |Buck |v. |Bell |(1927), |the |state |of |Virginia |sought |to |sterilize |Carrie |Buck |for |promiscuity |as
|evidenced |by |her |giving |birth |to |a |baby |out |of |wedlock |(some |suggest |she |was |raped). |The |US
|Supreme |Court |upheld |the |law, |saying |that |states |had |the |right |to |sterilize |people |who |they |didn't
|think |should |have |the |opportunity |to |reproduce. |This |decision |legitimized |the |various |sterilization
|laws |in |the |United |States.
What |European |political |movement |adopted |eugenics |from |United |States |and |then |carried |it |to |a
|higher |level? |- |correct |answer |-The |Nazi |Party
What |are |anti-miscegenation |laws? |- |correct |answer |-Anti-miscegenation |laws |are |laws |that
|criminalized |the |marriages |between |races, |reinforcing |racial |segregation |in |terms |of |marriage |and
|sexual |relations
What |was |the |Tuskegee |experiments? |Why |were |they |infamous? |- |correct |answer |-These |are
|among |the |most |infamous |medical |experiments |conducted |by |United |States. |The |Tuskegee
|experiment |ran |from |the |1930s |to |the |1970s. |Briefly |without |consent |600 |low-income |African-
American |males |with |syphilis |were |followed |but |never |informed |of |their |diagnosis |(told |they |had
|bad |blood |which |referred |to |a |variety |of |ailments). |The |original |purpose |Syphilis |was |essentially
|untreatable |until |the |development |of |antibiotics |in |the |1940s. |Still |participants |in |the |experiment
|were |not |treated |and |were |allowed |to |suffer |from |the |disease |and |slowly |die |while |they |were
|studied |to |see |the |effects |of |long-term |venereal |infection. |Note |many |of |the |participants |of |the
|Tuskegee |experiment |were |elderly |individuals |with |no |healthcare
, - |Tracking |of |600 |low-income |African |American |men |in |Tuskegee, |Alabama. |The |original |purpose
|was |to |understand |the |natural |course |of |syphilis. |About |400 |of |them |had |syphilis, |in |order |to |fulfil
|the |purpose, |the |men |we |lied |to |and |given |sham |treatments |leading |to |them |passing |the |disease
|to |family |members |who |suffered |and |died
- |They |were |infamous |because |it |was |unethical |viewed |as |misguided |and |a |clear |violation |of |the
|Hippocratic |Oath: |"first |do |no |harm"
- |it |was |a |driver |of |distrust |in |the |health |system |by |African |Americans |revealed |more |about |the
|pathology |of |racism
What |is |the |Belmont |report |that |resulted |from |Tuskegee |experiments? |- |correct |answer |-- |National
|report |that |outlines |basic |ethical |principles |that |would |underlie |research |involving |human |subjects
|and |guidelines |that |should |be |followed |to |assure |that |the |research |is |conducted |following |the
|principles
- |The |basic |ethical |principles |covered |are: |respect |for |persons |(acknowledging |autonomy |and
|protecting |those |with |diminished |autonomy), |beneficence |(obligation |to |kindness |and |charity,
|don't |do |harm, |maximize |possible |benefits, |minimize |harms), |justice |(equal |treatment)
What |is |the |significance |of |the |of |the |physician |J. |Marion |Sims |in |biomedical |history? |- |correct
|answer |-J. |Marion |Sims |was |a |prominent |19th-century |physician |and |researcher.
"Dr. |Sims, |dubbed |the |"father |of |modern |gynecology," |was |credited |with |the |first |successful
|treatment |for |vesicovaginal |fistula, |the |first |gallbladder |surgery, |and |introducing |antiseptic
|principles |in |all |areas |of |surgical |treatment. |The |Sims |position |and |Sims |speculum, |still |used |in
|gynecology |today, |are |named |after |him."
Speculum |- |used |for |exams |and |dilation
Dr. |Sims |originally |lived |and |practiced |in |the |deep |South |but |then |moved |to |New |York |City. |He |is
|credited |with |founding |the |first |Women's |Hospital |in |the |country |in |Harlem |New |York. |After |his
|death |he |was |so |respected |that |collections |were |taken |up |to |cast |a |bronze |statue |of |him
Name |a |significant, |nationally |known, |living |figure |in |the |biomedical |sciences |or |in |clinical |practice.
|What |are |they |known |for? |This |person |must |be |a |woman |or |a |minority. |- |correct |answer |--
|Rochelle |Paula |Walensky |is |known |for |working |to |improve |the |screening |of |HIV |and |HIV |care |in
|South |Africa. |
She |is |an |American |physician-scientist |that |is |the |director |of |the |CDC, |the |administrator |of |Agency
|for |Toxic |Substances |and |Disease |Registry. |
She |is |also |known |for |motivating |health |policy |in |addition |to |informing |clinical |trial |design.
Name |a |second |significant |figure |in |the |health |sciences |from |any |background. |- |correct |answer |-
Sanjay |Gupta |is |the |associate |chief |of |neurosurgery |service |at |Grady |Memorial |Hospital |in |Atlanta,
|GA., |an |associate |professor |of |neurosurgery |at |the |Emory |University |School |of |Medicine, |a |chief
|medical |correspondent |for |CNN, |and |a |member |of |the |of |the |National |Academy |of |Medicine. |
Big |in |the |field |of |neuroscience |and |recently |published |a |book |in |which |he |talks |about |how |to |keep
|your |mind |sharp |by |doing |certain |activities |daily.
He |based |his |ideas |on |his |research |and |through |collaboration |with |other |scientists |to |discover |more
|about |cognitive |longevity.
Who |was |Jonas |Salk? |- |correct |answer |-Jonas |Salk |was |a |public |figure |when |he |developed |one |of
|the |first |effective |vaccines |against |polio |in |the |1950s. |
In |the |midst |1960s |he |found |in |the |independent |Salk |Institute.
What |is |the |significance |of |the |Salk |Institute? |- |correct |answer |-The |Salk |Institute |is |a |place |where
|scientists |could |work |collaboratively |on |major |biomedical |issues.
,It |continues |to |this |day |and |is |considered |one |of |the |most |prestigious |independent |research
|institutes |in |the |world. |
It |does |have |one |relatively |"new" |focus |and |that |is |the |study |of |aging. |This |reflects |the |interests |of
|its |president |who |is |noted |above.
Name |three |of |the |BMS |PLO |- |correct |answer |-Microbiology
Normal |human |anatomy |and |physiology |(including |changes |in |aging)
Immunology |(basic |& |vaccines)
Name |three |of |the |SHS |ILO |- |correct |answer |-Disease |& |health |diversity
Challenges |of |aging
Diverse |role |models
Name |two |reasons |why |older |individuals |from |different |ethnic |backgrounds |may |distrust |the
|biomedical |community? |- |correct |answer |-1. |the |history |of |inequitable |treatment |such |as |the
|Tuskegee |experiment |and |sterilization |without |consent, |and |stereotyping
2. |Current |issues |such |as |the |fact |that |African-American |infant |mortality |is |higher |when |the |doctor
|is |not |an |African-American
What |was |the |eugenics |movement |in |the |United |States |during |the |first |half |of |the |20th |century? |-
|correct |answer |-- |The |Eugenics |movement |took |place |in |the |United |States |in |the |early |1900's |and
|was |led |by |Charles |Davenport |(prominent |biologist) |and |Harry |Laughlin |(former |teacher |and
|preacher |interested |in |breeding). |Davenport |founded |the |eugenics |record |office |(ERO) |to |improve
|aspects |of |the |human |family. |Laughlin |was |the |first |director. |During |the |1920's |and |1930's, |the
|American |eugenics |society |was |founded, |other |local |societies |and |groups |around |the |country |were
|formed |too.
,Fitter |family |and |better |baby |competitions. |Movies |and |books |promoting |eugenic |principles |were
|popular
The |movement |focused |on |eliminating |negative |traits; |concentrated |in |poor, |uneducated, |and
|minority |populations. |In |an |attempt |to |prevent |these |groups |from |propagating, |eugenicists |helped
|drive |legislation |for |their |forced |sterilization. |
The |first |state |to |enact |a |sterilization |law |was |Indiana |in |1907, |quickly |followed |by |California |and
|28 |other |states |by |1931. |These |laws |resulted |in |the |forced |sterilization |of |over |64,000 |people |in
|the |United |States. |
At |first, |sterilization |efforts |focused |on |the |disabled |but |later |grew |to |include |people |whose |only
|"crime" |was |poverty. |These |sterilization |programs |found |legal |support |in |the |Supreme |Court. |
In |Buck |v. |Bell |(1927), |the |state |of |Virginia |sought |to |sterilize |Carrie |Buck |for |promiscuity |as
|evidenced |by |her |giving |birth |to |a |baby |out |of |wedlock |(some |suggest |she |was |raped). |The |US
|Supreme |Court |upheld |the |law, |saying |that |states |had |the |right |to |sterilize |people |who |they |didn't
|think |should |have |the |opportunity |to |reproduce. |This |decision |legitimized |the |various |sterilization
|laws |in |the |United |States.
What |European |political |movement |adopted |eugenics |from |United |States |and |then |carried |it |to |a
|higher |level? |- |correct |answer |-The |Nazi |Party
What |are |anti-miscegenation |laws? |- |correct |answer |-Anti-miscegenation |laws |are |laws |that
|criminalized |the |marriages |between |races, |reinforcing |racial |segregation |in |terms |of |marriage |and
|sexual |relations
What |was |the |Tuskegee |experiments? |Why |were |they |infamous? |- |correct |answer |-These |are
|among |the |most |infamous |medical |experiments |conducted |by |United |States. |The |Tuskegee
|experiment |ran |from |the |1930s |to |the |1970s. |Briefly |without |consent |600 |low-income |African-
American |males |with |syphilis |were |followed |but |never |informed |of |their |diagnosis |(told |they |had
|bad |blood |which |referred |to |a |variety |of |ailments). |The |original |purpose |Syphilis |was |essentially
|untreatable |until |the |development |of |antibiotics |in |the |1940s. |Still |participants |in |the |experiment
|were |not |treated |and |were |allowed |to |suffer |from |the |disease |and |slowly |die |while |they |were
|studied |to |see |the |effects |of |long-term |venereal |infection. |Note |many |of |the |participants |of |the
|Tuskegee |experiment |were |elderly |individuals |with |no |healthcare
, - |Tracking |of |600 |low-income |African |American |men |in |Tuskegee, |Alabama. |The |original |purpose
|was |to |understand |the |natural |course |of |syphilis. |About |400 |of |them |had |syphilis, |in |order |to |fulfil
|the |purpose, |the |men |we |lied |to |and |given |sham |treatments |leading |to |them |passing |the |disease
|to |family |members |who |suffered |and |died
- |They |were |infamous |because |it |was |unethical |viewed |as |misguided |and |a |clear |violation |of |the
|Hippocratic |Oath: |"first |do |no |harm"
- |it |was |a |driver |of |distrust |in |the |health |system |by |African |Americans |revealed |more |about |the
|pathology |of |racism
What |is |the |Belmont |report |that |resulted |from |Tuskegee |experiments? |- |correct |answer |-- |National
|report |that |outlines |basic |ethical |principles |that |would |underlie |research |involving |human |subjects
|and |guidelines |that |should |be |followed |to |assure |that |the |research |is |conducted |following |the
|principles
- |The |basic |ethical |principles |covered |are: |respect |for |persons |(acknowledging |autonomy |and
|protecting |those |with |diminished |autonomy), |beneficence |(obligation |to |kindness |and |charity,
|don't |do |harm, |maximize |possible |benefits, |minimize |harms), |justice |(equal |treatment)
What |is |the |significance |of |the |of |the |physician |J. |Marion |Sims |in |biomedical |history? |- |correct
|answer |-J. |Marion |Sims |was |a |prominent |19th-century |physician |and |researcher.
"Dr. |Sims, |dubbed |the |"father |of |modern |gynecology," |was |credited |with |the |first |successful
|treatment |for |vesicovaginal |fistula, |the |first |gallbladder |surgery, |and |introducing |antiseptic
|principles |in |all |areas |of |surgical |treatment. |The |Sims |position |and |Sims |speculum, |still |used |in
|gynecology |today, |are |named |after |him."
Speculum |- |used |for |exams |and |dilation
Dr. |Sims |originally |lived |and |practiced |in |the |deep |South |but |then |moved |to |New |York |City. |He |is
|credited |with |founding |the |first |Women's |Hospital |in |the |country |in |Harlem |New |York. |After |his
|death |he |was |so |respected |that |collections |were |taken |up |to |cast |a |bronze |statue |of |him
