©THESTAR EXAM SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NR 602 Final Exam Study Guide.
Primary dysmenorrhea - Answers✔- release of prostaglandins during ovulatory cycles and
produces painful menstruation (more flow=more pain)(no ovulation, no pain)
-Sx within 48 hours
- Tx: NSAIDs
secondary dymenorrhea - Answers✔- R/t structual changes (endometriosis, PCOS, fibroids,
inflammatory disease)
PCOS (Stein-Leventhal syndrome) - Answers✔-persistent anovulation
-sx: obesity, anovulatory cycles, ovarian cysts, hyperandrogenism, male-pattern baldness, acne,
high insulin levels, insulin resistance, menstrual irregularities, high LH, low FSH, secondary
amenorrhea, infertility, obesity
- Cause: ? genetics.
- Tx: wt loss, OCPs, spironolactone, metformin (as DM preventative & improve fertility).
Clomiphene citrate (estrogen receptor modulator), or human menopausal gonadotropin to
produce ovulation(when desiring pregnancy)
Bartholin's cysts - Answers✔- 2 glands provide lubrication during sex, 8-10mm in size, not
normally palpable
- sx: dyspareunia, pain,
-tx: if chronic, may require surgery, noninfectious: sitz bath, needle-aspiration. may resolve
spontaneously
- chlamydia, gonorrhea, staph,
Fibroadenoma - Answers✔- most common benign breast tumor
-circumscribed lesion, solid, non-cancerous, painless, slow-growing, hormone dependent, regress
after menopause, relatively moveable, non-tender
-proliferating glandular and connective elements
-giant lumps may occur
- 15-35yo
-Dx: Core biopsy or excision (definitive dx). cryoablation after dx.
, ©THESTAR EXAM SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
- does not increase risk for brease CA
fibrocystic breast disease - Answers✔-numerous small sacs of fluid surrounded by dense strands
of fibrous tissue in the breast
- >50% of women have
- -tx: avoid caffeine, supportive bra, low-fat diet, evening primrose oil, NSAIDs/APAP,
tamoxifen if severe
Fat necrosis of the breast - Answers✔- necrotic fat cells with lipid-filled macrophages and
neutrophils
- Sx: skin/nipple retraction, mass that is indistinguishable from cancer, tenderness (sometimes)
- mass ususally resolves after several weeks w/o treatment- if not, need biopsy
- r/t trauma/surgery of breast
Breast cancer - Answers✔-risk: family hx, white, nulliparous, first pregnancy after 30yo, early
menarche (before 12), late menopause (after 50),
- Sx: painless, firm mass with poorly delineated margins, itching, retraction, dimpling of skin,
- sx of advanced tumor: large mass, nodularity, edema, redness, skin ulceration, fixation to chest
wall, breast size change, axillary lymphadenopathy that are fixed
- Tumor grading: TNM (1-3pts each)- 3-5pts= low grade, well-differentiated, 6-7= intermediate,
8-9= high grade, poor differentiated cells
- surgery done 1-2 weeks after biopsy
- ER + tumors= mets to bone, soft tissue & genital organs. ER -= mets to liver, lung, and brain
Paget's disease of the breast - Answers✔- Eczematoid eruption and ulceration from the nipple.
may spread to areola
- associated with underlying cancer
- uncommon
Mammography - Answers✔- screening to begin 40, no later than 50.
- done every 1-2 years
- continue until age 75
STDs - Answers✔-Chlamydia: purulent discharge, red, congested cervix, urethritis, salpingitis,
UTI sx,(Tx: azithromycin). NAAT test
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NR 602 Final Exam Study Guide.
Primary dysmenorrhea - Answers✔- release of prostaglandins during ovulatory cycles and
produces painful menstruation (more flow=more pain)(no ovulation, no pain)
-Sx within 48 hours
- Tx: NSAIDs
secondary dymenorrhea - Answers✔- R/t structual changes (endometriosis, PCOS, fibroids,
inflammatory disease)
PCOS (Stein-Leventhal syndrome) - Answers✔-persistent anovulation
-sx: obesity, anovulatory cycles, ovarian cysts, hyperandrogenism, male-pattern baldness, acne,
high insulin levels, insulin resistance, menstrual irregularities, high LH, low FSH, secondary
amenorrhea, infertility, obesity
- Cause: ? genetics.
- Tx: wt loss, OCPs, spironolactone, metformin (as DM preventative & improve fertility).
Clomiphene citrate (estrogen receptor modulator), or human menopausal gonadotropin to
produce ovulation(when desiring pregnancy)
Bartholin's cysts - Answers✔- 2 glands provide lubrication during sex, 8-10mm in size, not
normally palpable
- sx: dyspareunia, pain,
-tx: if chronic, may require surgery, noninfectious: sitz bath, needle-aspiration. may resolve
spontaneously
- chlamydia, gonorrhea, staph,
Fibroadenoma - Answers✔- most common benign breast tumor
-circumscribed lesion, solid, non-cancerous, painless, slow-growing, hormone dependent, regress
after menopause, relatively moveable, non-tender
-proliferating glandular and connective elements
-giant lumps may occur
- 15-35yo
-Dx: Core biopsy or excision (definitive dx). cryoablation after dx.
, ©THESTAR EXAM SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
- does not increase risk for brease CA
fibrocystic breast disease - Answers✔-numerous small sacs of fluid surrounded by dense strands
of fibrous tissue in the breast
- >50% of women have
- -tx: avoid caffeine, supportive bra, low-fat diet, evening primrose oil, NSAIDs/APAP,
tamoxifen if severe
Fat necrosis of the breast - Answers✔- necrotic fat cells with lipid-filled macrophages and
neutrophils
- Sx: skin/nipple retraction, mass that is indistinguishable from cancer, tenderness (sometimes)
- mass ususally resolves after several weeks w/o treatment- if not, need biopsy
- r/t trauma/surgery of breast
Breast cancer - Answers✔-risk: family hx, white, nulliparous, first pregnancy after 30yo, early
menarche (before 12), late menopause (after 50),
- Sx: painless, firm mass with poorly delineated margins, itching, retraction, dimpling of skin,
- sx of advanced tumor: large mass, nodularity, edema, redness, skin ulceration, fixation to chest
wall, breast size change, axillary lymphadenopathy that are fixed
- Tumor grading: TNM (1-3pts each)- 3-5pts= low grade, well-differentiated, 6-7= intermediate,
8-9= high grade, poor differentiated cells
- surgery done 1-2 weeks after biopsy
- ER + tumors= mets to bone, soft tissue & genital organs. ER -= mets to liver, lung, and brain
Paget's disease of the breast - Answers✔- Eczematoid eruption and ulceration from the nipple.
may spread to areola
- associated with underlying cancer
- uncommon
Mammography - Answers✔- screening to begin 40, no later than 50.
- done every 1-2 years
- continue until age 75
STDs - Answers✔-Chlamydia: purulent discharge, red, congested cervix, urethritis, salpingitis,
UTI sx,(Tx: azithromycin). NAAT test
