Summary Computational Neuroscience &
Neuroinformatics
most of the downstream enzymes involved in secondary messanger cascades are called..
. - Correct Answer-protein kinases. These transfer phosphate form the floating ATP to proteins in a process
called phosphorylation.
protein phosphates - Correct Answer-help to remove the phosphates produced by protein kinases to avoid
phosphate saturation
Why are signal cascades advantageous? - Correct Answer-- yes, they are slower initially than how impulses
travel across thene neurons by the more direct method,
- however they cause signal amplification which helps to get many channels open at the same time, albeit
in a slower convoluted fashion.
- compare this to maybe a line of quick people passig on a chinese whisper as opposed to a large but slow
group sharing the message with eachother in a dominoe fashion (the message spread faster to everyone
in the room with the second option)
ventral - Correct Answer-a point of reference in the nervous system near the nelly (ventral was latin for
belly(
dorsal - Correct Answer-a point of reference in the nervous system meaning pointing up above the back
anterior or rostral - Correct Answer-a point of reference in the nervous system meaning around the face or
nose (rostral is latin for beak)
caudal - Correct Answer-a point of reference on the nervous system of an animal meaning near the tail
(caudal was latin for tail)
lateral - Correct Answer-( a view of a scientific model from the side)
,midsagittal - Correct Answer-a horizontally cut view (seeing from the inside on half)
coronal - Correct Answer-a vertically cut view (seing from the inside on half)
if two things are on the same side in reference to something else then they are called... - Correct Answer--
ipsilateral. The opposite is contralateral
- for example your right eye and ear are ipsilateral
somatic nervous system - Correct Answer-- the part of the peripheral nervous system that collect
information from sensory organs.
- these are connected to everything else and the CNS via the dorsal roots
autonomic nervous system - Correct Answer-the part of the nervous system that causes automatic
changes in the body in resposnse to external stimuli
- these are connected to everything else via the ventral roots
cranial nerves - Correct Answer-- these are the nerves between the brainstem and the brain. they are both
ventral and dorsal roots and have all been given individual names by galem 1800 years ago
Nernst equation - Correct Answer-the equation is in the picture
Cerebrum - Correct Answer-Area of the brain (upper half above the cerebellum) responsible for all
voluntary activities of the body (senses)
Cerebellum - Correct Answer-A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills. (most of the
functions are like balance and reflexes etc that require no conscious thought)
- a mnemonic could be that i has "Bellum" at the end meaning "war" and it controls lots of the functions
you would need to go to war
medulla oblongata - Correct Answer-Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such
as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion.
, - it is located in the brain stem above the spina cord, it is where snipers aim if they have a clear shot
because it is the most fatal area
Emil Du Bois-Reymond (1818-1896) - Correct Answer-Is considered the father of electrophysiology. Like
Helmholtz he measured the speed of the nerve impulse. He also discovered the electrical nature of the
action potential.
- discovered that the brain itself is capable of generating electricity
Charles Bell and Francois Magendie - Correct Answer-discovered through the use of exprimental animals
that nerves were bundled together in the main body but when they reached the spinal cord they were
anatomically seperated into the ventral roots and dorsal roots.
ventral roots - Correct Answer-bundle of motor neuron axons that exit the spinal cord
Dorsal roots - Correct Answer-Contain sensory (afferent) fibers from sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia
and conduct impulses from peripheral receptors that go into the spinal cord.
norepinephrine beta receptor - Correct Answer-- The binding of amine neurotransmitter *norepinephrine
(NE)* to the beta receptor triggers a cascade of biochemical events within the cell.
- The beta receptor activates a G-protein that, in turn, activates an effector protein, the intracellular
enzyme adenylyl cyclase
- adenlyl cylase catalises oxidative metabolism in the mitochondria into a compound called cyclic
adeonosine monophosphate (or cAMP)
- the cAMP ( a second messanger) stimulates another enzyme called kinaze which catalyzes the chemical
reaction of phosphorrylation (the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to specific sites on cell proteins)
- the significance of this is that it can change the activity of a protein
Gustaev Fritsch & Eduard Hitzig - Correct Answer-experimented on a dog and found that applying currents
to certain circucised parts of a dogs brain could produce movements
- David Ferrier found that removing the same parts of the cerebrum caused muscle paralysis
Phrenology (Franz Gall) - Correct Answer-theory that the bumps on the skull could reveal our mental
abilities and character traits
Neuroinformatics
most of the downstream enzymes involved in secondary messanger cascades are called..
. - Correct Answer-protein kinases. These transfer phosphate form the floating ATP to proteins in a process
called phosphorylation.
protein phosphates - Correct Answer-help to remove the phosphates produced by protein kinases to avoid
phosphate saturation
Why are signal cascades advantageous? - Correct Answer-- yes, they are slower initially than how impulses
travel across thene neurons by the more direct method,
- however they cause signal amplification which helps to get many channels open at the same time, albeit
in a slower convoluted fashion.
- compare this to maybe a line of quick people passig on a chinese whisper as opposed to a large but slow
group sharing the message with eachother in a dominoe fashion (the message spread faster to everyone
in the room with the second option)
ventral - Correct Answer-a point of reference in the nervous system near the nelly (ventral was latin for
belly(
dorsal - Correct Answer-a point of reference in the nervous system meaning pointing up above the back
anterior or rostral - Correct Answer-a point of reference in the nervous system meaning around the face or
nose (rostral is latin for beak)
caudal - Correct Answer-a point of reference on the nervous system of an animal meaning near the tail
(caudal was latin for tail)
lateral - Correct Answer-( a view of a scientific model from the side)
,midsagittal - Correct Answer-a horizontally cut view (seeing from the inside on half)
coronal - Correct Answer-a vertically cut view (seing from the inside on half)
if two things are on the same side in reference to something else then they are called... - Correct Answer--
ipsilateral. The opposite is contralateral
- for example your right eye and ear are ipsilateral
somatic nervous system - Correct Answer-- the part of the peripheral nervous system that collect
information from sensory organs.
- these are connected to everything else and the CNS via the dorsal roots
autonomic nervous system - Correct Answer-the part of the nervous system that causes automatic
changes in the body in resposnse to external stimuli
- these are connected to everything else via the ventral roots
cranial nerves - Correct Answer-- these are the nerves between the brainstem and the brain. they are both
ventral and dorsal roots and have all been given individual names by galem 1800 years ago
Nernst equation - Correct Answer-the equation is in the picture
Cerebrum - Correct Answer-Area of the brain (upper half above the cerebellum) responsible for all
voluntary activities of the body (senses)
Cerebellum - Correct Answer-A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills. (most of the
functions are like balance and reflexes etc that require no conscious thought)
- a mnemonic could be that i has "Bellum" at the end meaning "war" and it controls lots of the functions
you would need to go to war
medulla oblongata - Correct Answer-Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such
as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion.
, - it is located in the brain stem above the spina cord, it is where snipers aim if they have a clear shot
because it is the most fatal area
Emil Du Bois-Reymond (1818-1896) - Correct Answer-Is considered the father of electrophysiology. Like
Helmholtz he measured the speed of the nerve impulse. He also discovered the electrical nature of the
action potential.
- discovered that the brain itself is capable of generating electricity
Charles Bell and Francois Magendie - Correct Answer-discovered through the use of exprimental animals
that nerves were bundled together in the main body but when they reached the spinal cord they were
anatomically seperated into the ventral roots and dorsal roots.
ventral roots - Correct Answer-bundle of motor neuron axons that exit the spinal cord
Dorsal roots - Correct Answer-Contain sensory (afferent) fibers from sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia
and conduct impulses from peripheral receptors that go into the spinal cord.
norepinephrine beta receptor - Correct Answer-- The binding of amine neurotransmitter *norepinephrine
(NE)* to the beta receptor triggers a cascade of biochemical events within the cell.
- The beta receptor activates a G-protein that, in turn, activates an effector protein, the intracellular
enzyme adenylyl cyclase
- adenlyl cylase catalises oxidative metabolism in the mitochondria into a compound called cyclic
adeonosine monophosphate (or cAMP)
- the cAMP ( a second messanger) stimulates another enzyme called kinaze which catalyzes the chemical
reaction of phosphorrylation (the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to specific sites on cell proteins)
- the significance of this is that it can change the activity of a protein
Gustaev Fritsch & Eduard Hitzig - Correct Answer-experimented on a dog and found that applying currents
to certain circucised parts of a dogs brain could produce movements
- David Ferrier found that removing the same parts of the cerebrum caused muscle paralysis
Phrenology (Franz Gall) - Correct Answer-theory that the bumps on the skull could reveal our mental
abilities and character traits
