Instructor Manual with
Answers to End-of-
Chapter Materials for
Computing Essentials
2025 By Timothy
O'Leary (All Chapters
1-13, 100% Original
Verified, A+ Grade)
All Chapters Arranged Reveres 13-1
,Chapter 13 - Programming and Languages
Chapter 13
Programming and Languages
Lecture Guide
• Learning Objectives
o Define programming and describe the six steps of programming.
o Compare design tools including top-down design, pseudocode, flowcharts, and
logic structures.
o Describe program testing and the tools for finding and removing errors.
o Describe CASE tools and object-oriented software development.
o Explain the five generations of programming languages.
Chapter Outline
• To efficiently and effectively use computers users need to understand the relationship
between systems development and programming.
• Programs and Programming
o A program is a list of instructions for the computer to follow to accomplish the
task of processing data into information.
o The instructions are made up of statements used in a programming language such
as C++, Java, or Python.
o These can be purchased and are referred to as prewritten or packaged programs or
programs can be created or custom-made.
o Programming, also known, as software development, typically follows a six-step
procedure known as the software development life cycle (SDLC).
o SDLC-The software development life cycle consists of six steps.
▪ Program specification: The program’s objectives, outputs, inputs, and
processing requirements are determined.
▪ Program design: A solution is created using programming techniques such
as top-down program design, pseudocode, flowcharts, and logic structures.
▪ Program code: The program is written or coded using a programming
language.
▪ Program test: The program is tested or debugged by looking for syntax
and logic errors.
▪ Program documentation: Documentation is an ongoing process throughout
the programming process.
• This phase focuses on formalizing the written description and
processes used in the program.
▪ Program maintenance: Completed programs are periodically reviewed to
evaluate their accuracy, efficiency, standardization, and ease of use.
o Computer professionals, known as software engineers or programmers, use the
six-step procedure.
• Step 1: Program Specification (See Figure 13-2.)
o Also called program definition or program analysis; it requires that the
programmer (or end user) specify five items:
▪ Program objectives - Make a clear statement of the problem that is trying
to be solved.
• Determine the objectives.
13-1
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
,Chapter 13 - Programming and Languages
▪
Desired Outputs - List what end users want to get out of the computer
system.
• Specify outputs before inputs.
▪ Input data - Once it is known what output is desired, input data can be
determined as well of the source of this data.
▪ Processing Requirements - Define the processing tasks that must happen
for input data to be processed into output.
▪ Program Specification Document – Ongoing documentation is essential
record program objectives, desired outputs, needed inputs, and required
processing.
• Step 2: Program Design
o Plan a solution preferably using structured programming techniques:
o Top-down program design
▪ Used to identify the program’s processing steps knowns as program
modules
▪ Each module is made up of logically related program statements.
▪ Each module should have a single function.
▪ The program must pass in sequence from one module to the next until all
modules are processed by the computer.
o Pseudocode - an outline of the logic of the program to be written. (See Figure 13-
7.)
o Flowcharts - graphically present the detailed sequence of steps needed to solve a
programming problem, known as program flowcharts. (See Figures 13-8 and 13-
9.)
o Logic structures; sequential, selection, and repetition
▪ Sequential structure - One program statement follows another. (See
Figure 13-10.)
▪ Selection structure - occurs when a decision must be made.
• The outcome of the decision determines which of two paths to
follow. (IF-THEN-ELSE structure)
▪ Repetition or loop structure - describes a process that may be repeated as
long as a certain condition remains true.
• The structure is called a “loop” or “iteration” because the program
loops around or repeats again and again.
o The last thing to do before leaving the program design step is to document the
logic of the design.
▪ This report typically includes pseudocode, flowcharts, and logic
structures.
• Step 3: Program Code
o Writing the program is called coding.
o Use the logic developed in the program design step to actually write the program.
▪ This is the “program code” that instructs the computer what to do using
the developed logic.
o A Good Program
▪ What are the qualities of a good program?
• Should be reliable and work under most conditions
• Should catch obvious and common input errors
13-2
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
, Chapter 13 - Programming and Languages
• Should be well documented and understandable by a programmer
other than the person who wrote it
• One of the best ways to code effective programs is to write
structured programs using the logic structures.
o Coding
o After the program logic has been formulated, the next step is to code or write the
program using the appropriate computer language.
▪ A programming language uses a collection of symbols, words, and
phrases that instruct a computer to perform specific operations.
• Programming languages process data and information for a wide
variety of different types of applications.
o Once the program has been coded, the next step is testing
and debugging.
• Step 4: Program Test
o Debugging refers to the process of testing and then eliminating errors. (See
Figure 13-16.)
o Programming errors are of two types: syntax errors and logic errors.
▪ Syntax error
• A violation of the rules of the programming language
▪ Logic error
• Occurs when the programmer uses an incorrect calculation or
leaves out a programming procedure
o Testing Process
▪ Several methods have been devised for finding and removing both types
of errors:
• Desk checking (code review) - The programmer proofreads a
printout of the program listing line by line checking for syntax and
logic errors.
• Manually testing with sample data – Checking for programming
logic errors, the programmer compares the manually calculated
values to those calculated by the program(s).
o Programmer follows each program statement, performing
calculations with sample data
• Attempt at translation - The program is run through a computer,
using a translator program.
o The translator attempts to translate the written program
from the programming language (such as C++) into the
machine language.
▪ Before the program will run, it must be free of
syntax errors. (See Figure 13-17.)
• Testing sample data on the computer – After syntax errors have
been corrected the program is tested for logic errors using sample
data.
o Sample data is used to test the correct execution of each
program statement.
• Testing by a select group of potential users - called beta testing,
potential users try out the program and provide feedback.
13-3
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Answers to End-of-
Chapter Materials for
Computing Essentials
2025 By Timothy
O'Leary (All Chapters
1-13, 100% Original
Verified, A+ Grade)
All Chapters Arranged Reveres 13-1
,Chapter 13 - Programming and Languages
Chapter 13
Programming and Languages
Lecture Guide
• Learning Objectives
o Define programming and describe the six steps of programming.
o Compare design tools including top-down design, pseudocode, flowcharts, and
logic structures.
o Describe program testing and the tools for finding and removing errors.
o Describe CASE tools and object-oriented software development.
o Explain the five generations of programming languages.
Chapter Outline
• To efficiently and effectively use computers users need to understand the relationship
between systems development and programming.
• Programs and Programming
o A program is a list of instructions for the computer to follow to accomplish the
task of processing data into information.
o The instructions are made up of statements used in a programming language such
as C++, Java, or Python.
o These can be purchased and are referred to as prewritten or packaged programs or
programs can be created or custom-made.
o Programming, also known, as software development, typically follows a six-step
procedure known as the software development life cycle (SDLC).
o SDLC-The software development life cycle consists of six steps.
▪ Program specification: The program’s objectives, outputs, inputs, and
processing requirements are determined.
▪ Program design: A solution is created using programming techniques such
as top-down program design, pseudocode, flowcharts, and logic structures.
▪ Program code: The program is written or coded using a programming
language.
▪ Program test: The program is tested or debugged by looking for syntax
and logic errors.
▪ Program documentation: Documentation is an ongoing process throughout
the programming process.
• This phase focuses on formalizing the written description and
processes used in the program.
▪ Program maintenance: Completed programs are periodically reviewed to
evaluate their accuracy, efficiency, standardization, and ease of use.
o Computer professionals, known as software engineers or programmers, use the
six-step procedure.
• Step 1: Program Specification (See Figure 13-2.)
o Also called program definition or program analysis; it requires that the
programmer (or end user) specify five items:
▪ Program objectives - Make a clear statement of the problem that is trying
to be solved.
• Determine the objectives.
13-1
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
,Chapter 13 - Programming and Languages
▪
Desired Outputs - List what end users want to get out of the computer
system.
• Specify outputs before inputs.
▪ Input data - Once it is known what output is desired, input data can be
determined as well of the source of this data.
▪ Processing Requirements - Define the processing tasks that must happen
for input data to be processed into output.
▪ Program Specification Document – Ongoing documentation is essential
record program objectives, desired outputs, needed inputs, and required
processing.
• Step 2: Program Design
o Plan a solution preferably using structured programming techniques:
o Top-down program design
▪ Used to identify the program’s processing steps knowns as program
modules
▪ Each module is made up of logically related program statements.
▪ Each module should have a single function.
▪ The program must pass in sequence from one module to the next until all
modules are processed by the computer.
o Pseudocode - an outline of the logic of the program to be written. (See Figure 13-
7.)
o Flowcharts - graphically present the detailed sequence of steps needed to solve a
programming problem, known as program flowcharts. (See Figures 13-8 and 13-
9.)
o Logic structures; sequential, selection, and repetition
▪ Sequential structure - One program statement follows another. (See
Figure 13-10.)
▪ Selection structure - occurs when a decision must be made.
• The outcome of the decision determines which of two paths to
follow. (IF-THEN-ELSE structure)
▪ Repetition or loop structure - describes a process that may be repeated as
long as a certain condition remains true.
• The structure is called a “loop” or “iteration” because the program
loops around or repeats again and again.
o The last thing to do before leaving the program design step is to document the
logic of the design.
▪ This report typically includes pseudocode, flowcharts, and logic
structures.
• Step 3: Program Code
o Writing the program is called coding.
o Use the logic developed in the program design step to actually write the program.
▪ This is the “program code” that instructs the computer what to do using
the developed logic.
o A Good Program
▪ What are the qualities of a good program?
• Should be reliable and work under most conditions
• Should catch obvious and common input errors
13-2
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
, Chapter 13 - Programming and Languages
• Should be well documented and understandable by a programmer
other than the person who wrote it
• One of the best ways to code effective programs is to write
structured programs using the logic structures.
o Coding
o After the program logic has been formulated, the next step is to code or write the
program using the appropriate computer language.
▪ A programming language uses a collection of symbols, words, and
phrases that instruct a computer to perform specific operations.
• Programming languages process data and information for a wide
variety of different types of applications.
o Once the program has been coded, the next step is testing
and debugging.
• Step 4: Program Test
o Debugging refers to the process of testing and then eliminating errors. (See
Figure 13-16.)
o Programming errors are of two types: syntax errors and logic errors.
▪ Syntax error
• A violation of the rules of the programming language
▪ Logic error
• Occurs when the programmer uses an incorrect calculation or
leaves out a programming procedure
o Testing Process
▪ Several methods have been devised for finding and removing both types
of errors:
• Desk checking (code review) - The programmer proofreads a
printout of the program listing line by line checking for syntax and
logic errors.
• Manually testing with sample data – Checking for programming
logic errors, the programmer compares the manually calculated
values to those calculated by the program(s).
o Programmer follows each program statement, performing
calculations with sample data
• Attempt at translation - The program is run through a computer,
using a translator program.
o The translator attempts to translate the written program
from the programming language (such as C++) into the
machine language.
▪ Before the program will run, it must be free of
syntax errors. (See Figure 13-17.)
• Testing sample data on the computer – After syntax errors have
been corrected the program is tested for logic errors using sample
data.
o Sample data is used to test the correct execution of each
program statement.
• Testing by a select group of potential users - called beta testing,
potential users try out the program and provide feedback.
13-3
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
