Clinical Immunology and Serology Exam
1
Definition of immunity - correct answers resistance to disease
Causes of immune deficiency - correct answers AIDS, newborns, elderly, leukemia, lymphoma,
chemotherapy, radiation therapy
nonspecific immunity (natural, innate) - correct answers the first line of defense. Many microorganisms
are not able to pass through this defense system and initiate an infection
specific immunity (adaptive, acquired) - correct answers defense unique for each microbe
immunologic memory is established by ______________ so that the body is resistant to reinfection by
the same microorganism - correct answers specific immunity
components of specific immunity
soluble factors- - correct answers found in the fluid portion of the blood, the plasma, or serum
components of specific immunity
cellular elements- - correct answers primarily white blood cells
nonspecific immunity is present when - correct answers at birth
is previous exposure required to initiate a response when dealing with nonspecific immunity - correct
answers no
when dealing with nonspecific immunity repeated exposure - correct answers does not increase
responsiveness
nonspecific immunity can be effective against many different types of - correct answers unlrelated
organsims
is lymphocyte activation required to initiate specific immunity - correct answers no
components of nonspecific immunity include - correct answers a. non-susceptibility f. phagocytosis
b. epithelial barriers g. acid pH of the stomach
c. antibacterial agents h. normal flora
d. inflammation i. cilia
e. complement j. fever
species specificity - correct answers some pathogens are species specific
,there are some ________ __________ between species - correct answers physiologic differences (birds
& body temp)
Duffy negative RBCs, Fy (a- b-), - correct answers are more resistant to infection with Plasmodium vivax
(malaria)
sickle cell disease- - correct answers more resistant to malaria
three factors that may increase susceptibility to infection - correct answers age (newborns & elderly)
hormonal influences (diabetes, pregnancy)
malnourishment
epithelial barrier skin - correct answers forms a physical barrier against invasion, is the most important
non-specific, external defense
mechanism of protection- desiccation(dryness) - correct answers inhibits moisture loving fungi
mechanism of protection-desquamation (shedding) - correct answers the dead outer layer of skin is
constantly being shed and replaced so surface bacteria are eliminated
mechanism of protection- a. fatty acids from sebaceous glands are - correct answers bactericidal and
fungicidal
epithelial barrier- mucosal surfaces - correct answers are protected by a viscous secretion called mucus
(glycoproteins & lipoproteins). Mucus prevents attachment of microbes to living cells of the epithelium
epithelial barrier- nasal hairs - correct answers filter out large inhaled particles
epithelial barrier- ciliated epithelial cells - correct answers cilia that wave upward toward the pharynx.
Particles that pass nasal hair are trapped in the mucus which is moved up the pharynx and are
swallowed, coughed, or spit out
external defense of nonspecific immunity- tearing - correct answers flushes out the eyes washing away
surface contamination
external defense of nonspecific immunity- urine flow - correct answers flushes organisms away from the
urethral meatus (prevents colonization and bladder infections)
external defense of nonspecific immunity- stomach acid - correct answers low pH eliminates microbes
external defense of nonspecific immunity- indigenous microbiota of mucosal surfaces - correct answers
compete for space and nutrients so many pathogens are unable to thrive
inflammation definition - correct answers body's reaction to tissue injury
classic signs of inflammation - correct answers dolor (pain), calor (heat), rubor (redness), and tumor
(swelling)
hyperemia defintion and importance for inflammation - correct answers increased blood flow into an
area due to dilation of arteries in areas of inflammation, is the cause of the heat and redness associate
with inflammation
, inflammation and increased vascular permeability - correct answers plasma proteins and fluid leak
through blood vessels into the tissues to dilute toxins. (The movement of fluid into the tissue causes
swelling and swollen tissues press on nerves causing pain)
what is phagocytosis - correct answers a function of the cellular response during inflammation
During infection or acute inflammation - correct answers neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes
leave the blood vessels and migrate to the site of injury.
define pavementing in phagocytosis - correct answers neutrophils adhere to inner lining of blood vessel
define diapedesis - correct answers neutrophils work their way between the endothelial cells so they
are able to migrate thru the vessel walls
define chemotaxis - correct answers movement of leukocytes toward an attractant
chemotactic agents - correct answers a. intracellular contents (damaged tissue) e. bacteria
b. antigen-antigen complexes f. activated complement
c. fibrinolytic products g. leukotrienes
d. dead tissue
define opsonization (opsonins) - correct answers coating of particles by substances, called opsonins,
that enhance phagocytosis by combining with specific receptors on the membrane of phagocytes
define ingestion during phagocytosis - correct answers engulfment of a foreign particle by active
ameboid motion
define degranulation during phagocytosis - correct answers hydrolytic enzymes are released and the
organism is killed and degraded
define macrophages during phagocytosis - correct answers attack all foreign cells (nonspecific)
At one time the term "natural antibody" was defined as antibody produced without known exposure to
antigen, but - correct answers now environmental sources of antigen (dust, pollen, fungal spores,
bacteria, etc.) are a considered to be the stimulus for these antibodies (for example anti-A and anti-B)
lysozyme definition - correct answers antibacterial enzyme found in many bodily excretions such as
tears, saliva, urine, body fluids. It is also produced by WBC's
interferon defintion - correct answers a nonspecific antiviral agent, is a major factor in recovery from
(not prevention of) viral infections
complement defintion - correct answers set of antimicrobial proteins
definition of specific immunity - correct answers process in which a specific reaction to each infectious
agent is produced. Example: the immune response against the measles virus is not effective against the
chickenpox virus and vice versa, the immune response against the chickenpox virus is not effective
against the measles virus. Immunity for measles is specific for measles and immunity for chickenpox is
specific for chickenpox
1
Definition of immunity - correct answers resistance to disease
Causes of immune deficiency - correct answers AIDS, newborns, elderly, leukemia, lymphoma,
chemotherapy, radiation therapy
nonspecific immunity (natural, innate) - correct answers the first line of defense. Many microorganisms
are not able to pass through this defense system and initiate an infection
specific immunity (adaptive, acquired) - correct answers defense unique for each microbe
immunologic memory is established by ______________ so that the body is resistant to reinfection by
the same microorganism - correct answers specific immunity
components of specific immunity
soluble factors- - correct answers found in the fluid portion of the blood, the plasma, or serum
components of specific immunity
cellular elements- - correct answers primarily white blood cells
nonspecific immunity is present when - correct answers at birth
is previous exposure required to initiate a response when dealing with nonspecific immunity - correct
answers no
when dealing with nonspecific immunity repeated exposure - correct answers does not increase
responsiveness
nonspecific immunity can be effective against many different types of - correct answers unlrelated
organsims
is lymphocyte activation required to initiate specific immunity - correct answers no
components of nonspecific immunity include - correct answers a. non-susceptibility f. phagocytosis
b. epithelial barriers g. acid pH of the stomach
c. antibacterial agents h. normal flora
d. inflammation i. cilia
e. complement j. fever
species specificity - correct answers some pathogens are species specific
,there are some ________ __________ between species - correct answers physiologic differences (birds
& body temp)
Duffy negative RBCs, Fy (a- b-), - correct answers are more resistant to infection with Plasmodium vivax
(malaria)
sickle cell disease- - correct answers more resistant to malaria
three factors that may increase susceptibility to infection - correct answers age (newborns & elderly)
hormonal influences (diabetes, pregnancy)
malnourishment
epithelial barrier skin - correct answers forms a physical barrier against invasion, is the most important
non-specific, external defense
mechanism of protection- desiccation(dryness) - correct answers inhibits moisture loving fungi
mechanism of protection-desquamation (shedding) - correct answers the dead outer layer of skin is
constantly being shed and replaced so surface bacteria are eliminated
mechanism of protection- a. fatty acids from sebaceous glands are - correct answers bactericidal and
fungicidal
epithelial barrier- mucosal surfaces - correct answers are protected by a viscous secretion called mucus
(glycoproteins & lipoproteins). Mucus prevents attachment of microbes to living cells of the epithelium
epithelial barrier- nasal hairs - correct answers filter out large inhaled particles
epithelial barrier- ciliated epithelial cells - correct answers cilia that wave upward toward the pharynx.
Particles that pass nasal hair are trapped in the mucus which is moved up the pharynx and are
swallowed, coughed, or spit out
external defense of nonspecific immunity- tearing - correct answers flushes out the eyes washing away
surface contamination
external defense of nonspecific immunity- urine flow - correct answers flushes organisms away from the
urethral meatus (prevents colonization and bladder infections)
external defense of nonspecific immunity- stomach acid - correct answers low pH eliminates microbes
external defense of nonspecific immunity- indigenous microbiota of mucosal surfaces - correct answers
compete for space and nutrients so many pathogens are unable to thrive
inflammation definition - correct answers body's reaction to tissue injury
classic signs of inflammation - correct answers dolor (pain), calor (heat), rubor (redness), and tumor
(swelling)
hyperemia defintion and importance for inflammation - correct answers increased blood flow into an
area due to dilation of arteries in areas of inflammation, is the cause of the heat and redness associate
with inflammation
, inflammation and increased vascular permeability - correct answers plasma proteins and fluid leak
through blood vessels into the tissues to dilute toxins. (The movement of fluid into the tissue causes
swelling and swollen tissues press on nerves causing pain)
what is phagocytosis - correct answers a function of the cellular response during inflammation
During infection or acute inflammation - correct answers neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes
leave the blood vessels and migrate to the site of injury.
define pavementing in phagocytosis - correct answers neutrophils adhere to inner lining of blood vessel
define diapedesis - correct answers neutrophils work their way between the endothelial cells so they
are able to migrate thru the vessel walls
define chemotaxis - correct answers movement of leukocytes toward an attractant
chemotactic agents - correct answers a. intracellular contents (damaged tissue) e. bacteria
b. antigen-antigen complexes f. activated complement
c. fibrinolytic products g. leukotrienes
d. dead tissue
define opsonization (opsonins) - correct answers coating of particles by substances, called opsonins,
that enhance phagocytosis by combining with specific receptors on the membrane of phagocytes
define ingestion during phagocytosis - correct answers engulfment of a foreign particle by active
ameboid motion
define degranulation during phagocytosis - correct answers hydrolytic enzymes are released and the
organism is killed and degraded
define macrophages during phagocytosis - correct answers attack all foreign cells (nonspecific)
At one time the term "natural antibody" was defined as antibody produced without known exposure to
antigen, but - correct answers now environmental sources of antigen (dust, pollen, fungal spores,
bacteria, etc.) are a considered to be the stimulus for these antibodies (for example anti-A and anti-B)
lysozyme definition - correct answers antibacterial enzyme found in many bodily excretions such as
tears, saliva, urine, body fluids. It is also produced by WBC's
interferon defintion - correct answers a nonspecific antiviral agent, is a major factor in recovery from
(not prevention of) viral infections
complement defintion - correct answers set of antimicrobial proteins
definition of specific immunity - correct answers process in which a specific reaction to each infectious
agent is produced. Example: the immune response against the measles virus is not effective against the
chickenpox virus and vice versa, the immune response against the chickenpox virus is not effective
against the measles virus. Immunity for measles is specific for measles and immunity for chickenpox is
specific for chickenpox
