Psychology 1010 Exam 1 Review
Exam Q’s and A’s
What are the 4 ways of knowing? - -Authority, intuition, logic, empiricism
- This is an example of what way of knowing?
"You consult a dictionary to find out how to spell 'epistemology'" - -Authority
- This is an example of what way of knowing?
"You have an inexplicable liking for a person you just met; you just know
you're going to be friends" - -Intuition
- This is an example of what way of knowing?
"You reason that you will need to borrow a van to pick up 7 friends from the
airport, because your car only holds 5" - -Logic
- This is an example of what way of knowing?
"You notice that the parking lot is full on Mondays and Wednesdays by 8:00
am, but not on Tuesdays and Thursdays" - -Epiricism
- What is hindsight bias? - -"I knew it all along"
Things seem obvious looking back
- What is overconfidence? - -We tend to think we know more than we do
- What is it called when correlation is mistaken for causality? - -Perceiving
order in random events
- What is vividness? - -A bias from vivid personal experiences
- What perception/thinking error is this an example of?
"Your little sister has a severe allergy to bee stings. The last time she got
stung, you watched her swell up and struggle to breathe until the
paramedics got there. You also have a friend with mild asthma. When the
news reports that asthma threatens the lives of more people than do
allergies, you don't believe it." - -Vividness
- What perception/thinking error is this an example of?
"You are so sure that your brainy roommate is going to ace all of her classes,
you publicly predict she will get a 4.0. When she gets a 3.8, you point out
that she got A's in all but one class. You were mostly right." - -
Overconfidence
- What perception/thinking error is this an example of?
,"Two friends are discussing whether the football game is on Thursday or
Saturday this week. One of them looks it up, and announces the game is on
Saturday. You think, "I knew that even before she looked it up."" - -Hindsight
Bias
- What perception/thinking error is this an example of?
"You notice that your brainy roommate loves anchovy pizza. The biology TA
also mentions that she loves anchovy pizza. When you find out that your
physics professor also loves anchovy pizza, you deduce that smart people
like anchovies." - -Perceiving order in random events
- What is a theory? - -A general statement about the relation between two or
more variables
- What is a hypothesis? - -A specific, testable prediction generated by a
theory
- Is this a theory or a hypothesis?
"Women can multi-task better than men" - -Theory
- Is this a theory or a hypothesis?
"Women will make more progress on a 500 piece puzzle than men will during
a 20 minute period while they are talking on the phone." - -Hypothesis
- Is this a theory or a hypothesis?
"People who spend more than $100 at the grocery store are more likely than
those who spend less than $100 to donate cash to a charity when invited to
by the cashier. " - -Hypothesis
- Is this a theory or a hypothesis?
"Dog owners are friendlier than cat owners." - -Theory
- What does a descriptive study do? - -Describes a phenomenon by
observation
- What are three kinds of descriptive studies? - -Case studies, naturalistic
observations, surveys
- What is a case study? - -study of one individual, or a few individuals, in
great detail
- What is naturalistic observation? - -observing and recording behavior in
naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the
situation
, - What is a survey? - -a descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported
attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a
representative, random sample of the group
- What is a correlational study? - -a study that measures two or more
variables to analyze the relationship between them
- What are the correlation coefficient ranges for strong, moderate, and weak
correlation? - -Strong: >0.8
Moderate: >0.5
Weak: <0.3
Positive numbers: positive or direct correlation
Negative numbers: negative or inverse correlation
- Can correlational studies prove causation? Can they allow us to predict
future outcomes? - -No; yes
- What kind of study is this?
You test whether income affects happiness by asking 200 people how much
money they make, and to rate how happy they are. - -Correlational
- What kind of study is this?
You want to test whether drinking milk may affect bone density in women.
You randomly assign women to either drink 20 oz of whole milk every day for
2 months, or to drink only water. You then compare the bone density of the
women. - -True experiment
- What kind of study is this?
You want to test whether smoking cigarettes affects memory. You find a
group of self-described heavy smokers, and match them to a group of non-
smokers (of the same age and gender). You then administer a memory test
to both groups, to see whether the smokers memories are better or worse
than the non-smokers' memories. - -Quasi-experiment
- What kind of study is this?
You perform a case study on your little sister in order to better understand
the inner workings of the 10-year old female mind. - -Descriptive study
- What does experimental research allow us to test? - -Causality of one
variable
- What is an independent variable? - -variable that is manipulated
- What is a dependent variable? - -variable that is measured
Exam Q’s and A’s
What are the 4 ways of knowing? - -Authority, intuition, logic, empiricism
- This is an example of what way of knowing?
"You consult a dictionary to find out how to spell 'epistemology'" - -Authority
- This is an example of what way of knowing?
"You have an inexplicable liking for a person you just met; you just know
you're going to be friends" - -Intuition
- This is an example of what way of knowing?
"You reason that you will need to borrow a van to pick up 7 friends from the
airport, because your car only holds 5" - -Logic
- This is an example of what way of knowing?
"You notice that the parking lot is full on Mondays and Wednesdays by 8:00
am, but not on Tuesdays and Thursdays" - -Epiricism
- What is hindsight bias? - -"I knew it all along"
Things seem obvious looking back
- What is overconfidence? - -We tend to think we know more than we do
- What is it called when correlation is mistaken for causality? - -Perceiving
order in random events
- What is vividness? - -A bias from vivid personal experiences
- What perception/thinking error is this an example of?
"Your little sister has a severe allergy to bee stings. The last time she got
stung, you watched her swell up and struggle to breathe until the
paramedics got there. You also have a friend with mild asthma. When the
news reports that asthma threatens the lives of more people than do
allergies, you don't believe it." - -Vividness
- What perception/thinking error is this an example of?
"You are so sure that your brainy roommate is going to ace all of her classes,
you publicly predict she will get a 4.0. When she gets a 3.8, you point out
that she got A's in all but one class. You were mostly right." - -
Overconfidence
- What perception/thinking error is this an example of?
,"Two friends are discussing whether the football game is on Thursday or
Saturday this week. One of them looks it up, and announces the game is on
Saturday. You think, "I knew that even before she looked it up."" - -Hindsight
Bias
- What perception/thinking error is this an example of?
"You notice that your brainy roommate loves anchovy pizza. The biology TA
also mentions that she loves anchovy pizza. When you find out that your
physics professor also loves anchovy pizza, you deduce that smart people
like anchovies." - -Perceiving order in random events
- What is a theory? - -A general statement about the relation between two or
more variables
- What is a hypothesis? - -A specific, testable prediction generated by a
theory
- Is this a theory or a hypothesis?
"Women can multi-task better than men" - -Theory
- Is this a theory or a hypothesis?
"Women will make more progress on a 500 piece puzzle than men will during
a 20 minute period while they are talking on the phone." - -Hypothesis
- Is this a theory or a hypothesis?
"People who spend more than $100 at the grocery store are more likely than
those who spend less than $100 to donate cash to a charity when invited to
by the cashier. " - -Hypothesis
- Is this a theory or a hypothesis?
"Dog owners are friendlier than cat owners." - -Theory
- What does a descriptive study do? - -Describes a phenomenon by
observation
- What are three kinds of descriptive studies? - -Case studies, naturalistic
observations, surveys
- What is a case study? - -study of one individual, or a few individuals, in
great detail
- What is naturalistic observation? - -observing and recording behavior in
naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the
situation
, - What is a survey? - -a descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported
attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a
representative, random sample of the group
- What is a correlational study? - -a study that measures two or more
variables to analyze the relationship between them
- What are the correlation coefficient ranges for strong, moderate, and weak
correlation? - -Strong: >0.8
Moderate: >0.5
Weak: <0.3
Positive numbers: positive or direct correlation
Negative numbers: negative or inverse correlation
- Can correlational studies prove causation? Can they allow us to predict
future outcomes? - -No; yes
- What kind of study is this?
You test whether income affects happiness by asking 200 people how much
money they make, and to rate how happy they are. - -Correlational
- What kind of study is this?
You want to test whether drinking milk may affect bone density in women.
You randomly assign women to either drink 20 oz of whole milk every day for
2 months, or to drink only water. You then compare the bone density of the
women. - -True experiment
- What kind of study is this?
You want to test whether smoking cigarettes affects memory. You find a
group of self-described heavy smokers, and match them to a group of non-
smokers (of the same age and gender). You then administer a memory test
to both groups, to see whether the smokers memories are better or worse
than the non-smokers' memories. - -Quasi-experiment
- What kind of study is this?
You perform a case study on your little sister in order to better understand
the inner workings of the 10-year old female mind. - -Descriptive study
- What does experimental research allow us to test? - -Causality of one
variable
- What is an independent variable? - -variable that is manipulated
- What is a dependent variable? - -variable that is measured
