Apologetics Final Exam Questions and
Answers 100% Solved | Rated A+
Moral Evil - ✔✔(1) a categorical term referring to unjust human acts (2) the
belief that humans act in ethically unacceptable ways; that they are capable
of wicked deeds that demand just punishment
Natural Evil - ✔✔a categorical term referring to the destructive forces of
nature such as floods, volcanoes, hurricanes, disease, genetic defects, etc.
Theodicy - ✔✔a logical, philosophical justification of God's actions with a
view to defending God's Person and character. Example: A theodicy
explains why God permits evil in His creation.
Defense - ✔✔an analysis of axioms of Christian theology with a view to
defending Scriptural propositions as logically consistent. Example: A
defense demonstrates that the simultaneous existence of God and evil are
logically compatible
The question of moral evil - ✔✔how is it that we all know good and yet love
evil?
1
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,The question of natural evil - ✔✔why does nature inflict endless and horrific
pain on civilization?
The fundamental question - ✔✔what is God's relationship to evil in His
creation?
Irreconcilable axioms? - ✔✔God is all good~ God is all powerful ~ evil exist
Three possible responses to the problem of evil - ✔✔1) Defensive
approach 2) Offensive approach 3) Evangelistic approach
Defensive approach - ✔✔a Theodicy
Atheist Argument: (defensive approach) - ✔✔(a) An omnipotent,
omnibenevolent God exists.
(b) Evil exists.
(c) These statements are irreconcilable.
Implicit assumptions:
(d) If God is omnipotent, then He can create any possible world that He
desires.
(e) If God is good, then He prefers a world without evil over a world with
evil.
Four offensive propositions - ✔✔1) The moral implication of evil—an
objective Personal standard exists.
2
©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
,2) People love evil more than they admit.
3) The atheist's quantitative argument is self-defeating.
4) The ineptitude of alternative worldviews in solving the problem of evil
(Dualism, Pantheism, Enlightenment Utopias, Atheistic Naturalism)
Explanation of the atheist's quantitative argument - ✔✔why is there so
much evil in the world? Implicit assumption: if God exists He must do "x."
Example: "if God exists, He must eliminate Stalin" or "if God exists, He
must cause Hitler never to be born." But why do finite beings get to
determine how God must act? An omniscient God doubtless has
explanations we don't comprehend.
Evangelistic approach - ✔✔Offering People the Christian Perspective. -
The Christian perspective on personal evil, The Christian perspective on
societal evil, and the Christian perspective on time
Two radical claims in the biblical narrative: - ✔✔1) Old Testament: Man is
abnormal not normal. (Evil cannot be resolved globally. Evil cannot be
resolved nationally. Evil cannot be resolved individually.)
2) New Testament: God personally resolves the problem of human evil. -
Christianity offers a "why" and a "solution."
3
©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
, Enlightenment - ✔✔a seventeenth-and eighteenth-century western
ideology that emphasized reason, nature, and progress. Enlightenment
philosophers argued for the basic goodness of man, the authority of
philosophy, the inevitable progress of science, and a deistic view of God.
Four Enlightenment beliefs - ✔✔1) The autonomy of man's thinking
2) The universe should be desacralized
3) Men are inherently good.
4) Progress toward utopianism is inevitable.
Rethinking God's role: three representative thinkers - ✔✔Denis Diderot,
Francis Bacon, And Isaac Newton
Denis Diderot - ✔✔His Encyclopédie permitted only naturalistic
explanations; supernaturalism was excluded.
Francis Bacon - ✔✔HIs Novum Organum ("New Instrument") established
the scientific method as the primary tool for knowledge acquisition.
Isaac Newton - ✔✔His Principia Mathematica (somewhat unwittingly)
displaced providence with natural law.
Deism - ✔✔a monotheistic anti-Trinitarian view of God that attributes to
Him the attributes associated with transcendence, but denies His immanent
4
©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
Answers 100% Solved | Rated A+
Moral Evil - ✔✔(1) a categorical term referring to unjust human acts (2) the
belief that humans act in ethically unacceptable ways; that they are capable
of wicked deeds that demand just punishment
Natural Evil - ✔✔a categorical term referring to the destructive forces of
nature such as floods, volcanoes, hurricanes, disease, genetic defects, etc.
Theodicy - ✔✔a logical, philosophical justification of God's actions with a
view to defending God's Person and character. Example: A theodicy
explains why God permits evil in His creation.
Defense - ✔✔an analysis of axioms of Christian theology with a view to
defending Scriptural propositions as logically consistent. Example: A
defense demonstrates that the simultaneous existence of God and evil are
logically compatible
The question of moral evil - ✔✔how is it that we all know good and yet love
evil?
1
©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
,The question of natural evil - ✔✔why does nature inflict endless and horrific
pain on civilization?
The fundamental question - ✔✔what is God's relationship to evil in His
creation?
Irreconcilable axioms? - ✔✔God is all good~ God is all powerful ~ evil exist
Three possible responses to the problem of evil - ✔✔1) Defensive
approach 2) Offensive approach 3) Evangelistic approach
Defensive approach - ✔✔a Theodicy
Atheist Argument: (defensive approach) - ✔✔(a) An omnipotent,
omnibenevolent God exists.
(b) Evil exists.
(c) These statements are irreconcilable.
Implicit assumptions:
(d) If God is omnipotent, then He can create any possible world that He
desires.
(e) If God is good, then He prefers a world without evil over a world with
evil.
Four offensive propositions - ✔✔1) The moral implication of evil—an
objective Personal standard exists.
2
©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
,2) People love evil more than they admit.
3) The atheist's quantitative argument is self-defeating.
4) The ineptitude of alternative worldviews in solving the problem of evil
(Dualism, Pantheism, Enlightenment Utopias, Atheistic Naturalism)
Explanation of the atheist's quantitative argument - ✔✔why is there so
much evil in the world? Implicit assumption: if God exists He must do "x."
Example: "if God exists, He must eliminate Stalin" or "if God exists, He
must cause Hitler never to be born." But why do finite beings get to
determine how God must act? An omniscient God doubtless has
explanations we don't comprehend.
Evangelistic approach - ✔✔Offering People the Christian Perspective. -
The Christian perspective on personal evil, The Christian perspective on
societal evil, and the Christian perspective on time
Two radical claims in the biblical narrative: - ✔✔1) Old Testament: Man is
abnormal not normal. (Evil cannot be resolved globally. Evil cannot be
resolved nationally. Evil cannot be resolved individually.)
2) New Testament: God personally resolves the problem of human evil. -
Christianity offers a "why" and a "solution."
3
©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
, Enlightenment - ✔✔a seventeenth-and eighteenth-century western
ideology that emphasized reason, nature, and progress. Enlightenment
philosophers argued for the basic goodness of man, the authority of
philosophy, the inevitable progress of science, and a deistic view of God.
Four Enlightenment beliefs - ✔✔1) The autonomy of man's thinking
2) The universe should be desacralized
3) Men are inherently good.
4) Progress toward utopianism is inevitable.
Rethinking God's role: three representative thinkers - ✔✔Denis Diderot,
Francis Bacon, And Isaac Newton
Denis Diderot - ✔✔His Encyclopédie permitted only naturalistic
explanations; supernaturalism was excluded.
Francis Bacon - ✔✔HIs Novum Organum ("New Instrument") established
the scientific method as the primary tool for knowledge acquisition.
Isaac Newton - ✔✔His Principia Mathematica (somewhat unwittingly)
displaced providence with natural law.
Deism - ✔✔a monotheistic anti-Trinitarian view of God that attributes to
Him the attributes associated with transcendence, but denies His immanent
4
©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
