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NURS 5461 CV Disorders Exam Questions
With Verified Answers
CLINICAL EFFECTS OF CV CHANGES - Answers✔• In healthy older adults, age-related
changes have modest clinically relevant effects on cardiac hemodynamics and performance at
rest • Resting heart rate, ejection fraction, stroke volume, and cardiac output are well preserved
even at very advanced age • Ability to respond to increased demands associated with exercise or
illness (either cardiac or noncardiac) declines progressively with advancing age • Peak aerobic
capacity declines inexorably with age
• Four major risk factors for CVD: - Answers✔• Hypertension • Diabetes mellitus •
Dyslipidemia • Smoking
HYPERTENSION - Answers✔Systolic BP increase with age, diastolic BP declines thereafter •
Pulse pressure (the difference between systolic and diastolic BP) increases with age,
systolic hypertension dominant form of hypertension in older adults, especially women •
increased diastolic BP raises CVD risk independent of systolic BP, particularly in men
DIABETES MELLITUS - Answers✔• Prevalence increases with age at least up to age 80 •
Approx. 50% of pts with diabetes in the US are ≥65 yr old • As in younger patients, the impact
of diabetes on CVD risk is greater in older women than in older men • In the Framingham Heart
Study, for example: • The adjusted risk for incident CHD for older patients with diabetes was 2.1
in women and 1.4 in men • The excess risk associated with diabetes was greater in both men and
women >65 yr old than in younger individuals
DYSLIPIDEMIA - Answers✔• The strength of the association between total cholesterol and
LDL cholesterol levels and incident CAD ↓ with age, especially after age 80 • But low HDL
cholesterol levels (<40 mg/dL in men, <50 mg/dL in women) and high ratios of total cholesterol
to HDL cholesterol (≥5.5 in men, ≥5 in women) remain independently associated with coronary
events even among people >80 yr old • Clinical trials have demonstrated benefits of statin
therapy in moderate-risk and high-risk patients up to 85 yr of age
SMOKING - Answers✔• Prevalence of smoking declines with age, partly due to successful
smoking cessation, partly due to premature deaths in smokers • Among older smokers, smoking
cessation is associated with substantial reductions in CVD risk within 2−6 years relative to
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NURS 5461 CV Disorders Exam Questions
With Verified Answers
CLINICAL EFFECTS OF CV CHANGES - Answers✔• In healthy older adults, age-related
changes have modest clinically relevant effects on cardiac hemodynamics and performance at
rest • Resting heart rate, ejection fraction, stroke volume, and cardiac output are well preserved
even at very advanced age • Ability to respond to increased demands associated with exercise or
illness (either cardiac or noncardiac) declines progressively with advancing age • Peak aerobic
capacity declines inexorably with age
• Four major risk factors for CVD: - Answers✔• Hypertension • Diabetes mellitus •
Dyslipidemia • Smoking
HYPERTENSION - Answers✔Systolic BP increase with age, diastolic BP declines thereafter •
Pulse pressure (the difference between systolic and diastolic BP) increases with age,
systolic hypertension dominant form of hypertension in older adults, especially women •
increased diastolic BP raises CVD risk independent of systolic BP, particularly in men
DIABETES MELLITUS - Answers✔• Prevalence increases with age at least up to age 80 •
Approx. 50% of pts with diabetes in the US are ≥65 yr old • As in younger patients, the impact
of diabetes on CVD risk is greater in older women than in older men • In the Framingham Heart
Study, for example: • The adjusted risk for incident CHD for older patients with diabetes was 2.1
in women and 1.4 in men • The excess risk associated with diabetes was greater in both men and
women >65 yr old than in younger individuals
DYSLIPIDEMIA - Answers✔• The strength of the association between total cholesterol and
LDL cholesterol levels and incident CAD ↓ with age, especially after age 80 • But low HDL
cholesterol levels (<40 mg/dL in men, <50 mg/dL in women) and high ratios of total cholesterol
to HDL cholesterol (≥5.5 in men, ≥5 in women) remain independently associated with coronary
events even among people >80 yr old • Clinical trials have demonstrated benefits of statin
therapy in moderate-risk and high-risk patients up to 85 yr of age
SMOKING - Answers✔• Prevalence of smoking declines with age, partly due to successful
smoking cessation, partly due to premature deaths in smokers • Among older smokers, smoking
cessation is associated with substantial reductions in CVD risk within 2−6 years relative to
