Ch 1 Summary (back of book)
Body’s organization: chemical→ cellular→ tissue→ organ→ organ system→ organismal
Requirements for life:
functions: boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth, evolution
survival needs: nutrients, oxygen, water, appropriate atmospheric pressure, normal body temp
Homeostasis- equilibrium of the internal environment. (nervous & endocrine sys)
3 elements of Homeostatic control: receptor, control ctr & effector
Negative feedback- reduces the effect of the original stimulus (mainly controls homeostasis)
Positive feedback- increases the effect of the original stimulus (rarely contribute to homeostasis)
With age, homeostatic imbalance is more likely. The efficiency of negative feedback mechanisms declines.
Directional terms: LAB
Quadrants: LAB
Organs w/I body cavities: LAB
Body Cavities:
Ventral: Thoracic & Abdominalpelvic (Regional terms- LAB)
Walls of ventral cavity have membranes (parietal serosa). Organs in cavity covered in (visceral serosa)
Dorsal: Cranial & Spinal
Ch 2 Summary (back of book)
Matter- anything that occupies space and has mass
Energy- ability to put matter into motion
Kinetic energy- active energy
Potential energy- stored energy
Forms of energy involved in functioning: chemical, electrical, radiant & mechanical (chemical [bond] most imp)
Energy can be converted but some energy is lost (as heat) in such transformations
2.2 The properties of an element depend on the structure of its atoms
Element unique substances (H, O, N) that CAN’T be broken down by ordinary chemical methods
*Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen & Hydrogen – make up 96% of WEIGHT
Atoms- building blocks of elements
Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons & electrons. Each atom has equal # of protons & neutrons, located in the
nucleus, which constitutes the atoms total mass. Electrons are located outside, in the electron shell.
Atomic number # of protons in atom. Hydrogen has 1 proton. Its atomic number is 1. This is written as 1H
Mass number # of protons + # of neutrons. Helium has 2 protons & 2 neutrons. Its mass # is 4, written as 4He
The atomic # & mass# of He are noted as 42He.
Isotopes- 2 or more structural variations. Same number of protons & electrons but DIFFERENT # of neutrons
Atomic weight- an average weight of ALL the isotopes of an element
Molecular weight- sum of atomic weights
Glucose is C6H12O6 to compute molecular weight, you need atomic weight (periodic table) and will multiply the # of
atoms in each element by its atomic weight. Then add up all the weights of each atom.
# of atoms x atomic weight = total atomic weight
C 6 x 12.011 = 72.066
H 12 x 1.008 = 12.096
H 6 x 15.999 = 95.994
180.156 – molecular weight
Mole- sum of the atomic weight in grams
Avogadro’s #: 6.02 x 1023
To make a one-molar solution you would weigh out 180.156 grams of glucose and add enough water to make 1 liter.
Molarity- moles per liter, indicated by M
Radioisotopes- heavy isotopes that are unstable, their atoms decompose into more stable forms by emitting alpha or beta
particles or gamma rays
2.3 Atoms bound together form molecules, different molecules can make mixtures
Molecule- 2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
Body’s organization: chemical→ cellular→ tissue→ organ→ organ system→ organismal
Requirements for life:
functions: boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth, evolution
survival needs: nutrients, oxygen, water, appropriate atmospheric pressure, normal body temp
Homeostasis- equilibrium of the internal environment. (nervous & endocrine sys)
3 elements of Homeostatic control: receptor, control ctr & effector
Negative feedback- reduces the effect of the original stimulus (mainly controls homeostasis)
Positive feedback- increases the effect of the original stimulus (rarely contribute to homeostasis)
With age, homeostatic imbalance is more likely. The efficiency of negative feedback mechanisms declines.
Directional terms: LAB
Quadrants: LAB
Organs w/I body cavities: LAB
Body Cavities:
Ventral: Thoracic & Abdominalpelvic (Regional terms- LAB)
Walls of ventral cavity have membranes (parietal serosa). Organs in cavity covered in (visceral serosa)
Dorsal: Cranial & Spinal
Ch 2 Summary (back of book)
Matter- anything that occupies space and has mass
Energy- ability to put matter into motion
Kinetic energy- active energy
Potential energy- stored energy
Forms of energy involved in functioning: chemical, electrical, radiant & mechanical (chemical [bond] most imp)
Energy can be converted but some energy is lost (as heat) in such transformations
2.2 The properties of an element depend on the structure of its atoms
Element unique substances (H, O, N) that CAN’T be broken down by ordinary chemical methods
*Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen & Hydrogen – make up 96% of WEIGHT
Atoms- building blocks of elements
Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons & electrons. Each atom has equal # of protons & neutrons, located in the
nucleus, which constitutes the atoms total mass. Electrons are located outside, in the electron shell.
Atomic number # of protons in atom. Hydrogen has 1 proton. Its atomic number is 1. This is written as 1H
Mass number # of protons + # of neutrons. Helium has 2 protons & 2 neutrons. Its mass # is 4, written as 4He
The atomic # & mass# of He are noted as 42He.
Isotopes- 2 or more structural variations. Same number of protons & electrons but DIFFERENT # of neutrons
Atomic weight- an average weight of ALL the isotopes of an element
Molecular weight- sum of atomic weights
Glucose is C6H12O6 to compute molecular weight, you need atomic weight (periodic table) and will multiply the # of
atoms in each element by its atomic weight. Then add up all the weights of each atom.
# of atoms x atomic weight = total atomic weight
C 6 x 12.011 = 72.066
H 12 x 1.008 = 12.096
H 6 x 15.999 = 95.994
180.156 – molecular weight
Mole- sum of the atomic weight in grams
Avogadro’s #: 6.02 x 1023
To make a one-molar solution you would weigh out 180.156 grams of glucose and add enough water to make 1 liter.
Molarity- moles per liter, indicated by M
Radioisotopes- heavy isotopes that are unstable, their atoms decompose into more stable forms by emitting alpha or beta
particles or gamma rays
2.3 Atoms bound together form molecules, different molecules can make mixtures
Molecule- 2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
