Aquaculture Test Bank with Questions and Answers

Aquaculture Test Bank with Questions and Answers Define Aquaculture: - Answers Controlled cultivation of aquatic organisms selected environments for any commercial, recreational, or public purpose. 3 products of aquaculture - Answers Food Fun (ornamentals, stock enhance, jewels) Pharmaceuticals Percent of worlds protein that comes from fisheries - Answers 25% Fish consumed per person yearly - Answers World: 35-40 lbs per person USA: 16 lbs per person Florida: 35-40 lbs per person World fish supply in 2003 (in tons) - Answers Catches 90 million tons Aquaculture 42 million tons Total 133 million tons **By 2050 200mmt will be needed #1 country - Answers China 68% (29 million tons) Main fish importers (2003) - Answers EU $26.2 bill (39%) Japan $12.4 bill (18.4%) US $11.6 bill (17.3%) Most exported species (2003) - Answers Other 29% Shrimp 19% Main fish exporter (2003) - Answers EU 34% Top states. - Answers Mississippi Arkansas Florida USA yearly stats - Answers Per capita consumption of seafood 16 lbs Production $1.1 billion Imports $14 billion Exports $4 billion Deficit $10 billion (half shrimp) Species farmed in Florida - Answers Ornamentals $60/70 million Clams $13 million Shrimp $5 million Alligator $2.5 million Tilapia $1.5 million Catfish $1.5 million **Total: $100 million FL the economy - Answers Tourism Construction Agriculture Top 10 seafood items in US - Answers Shrimp Tuna Salmon Pollock Catfish **Tuna is dropping due to health conerns, Shrimp is rising bc it is cheap, introduction of Vietnamese catfish (Pangasius) is bringing catfish down. Types of systems - Answers Ponds Raceways Net Pens Recirculating What are the three intensity levels of an aquaculture system? - Answers Extensive, semi-intensive and intensive. Based on density. Intensive aquaculture is associated with what? - Answers High density. High degree of control, high costs, production rates high. Usually done inside or in close confinement with considerable input($) Semi-Intensive aquaculture is associated with what? - Answers Food supply enhanced, intermediate costs, intermediate production Extensive aquaculture is associated with what? - Answers Low density. Low degree of control over the environment, low costs, production rates low. Done outside with minimum inputs (low cost of production). 8 major components of seawater - Answers Ca 2+ calcium K + potassium Mg 2+ magnesium Na + sodium CO3 2- carbonate HCO3 - bicarbonate SO4 2- sulfate Cl - chlorine Rivers, lakes and streams - Answers Advantages: large volume, inexpensive Disadvantages: contaminants, predators, excessive nutrients Estuaries and coastal oceans - Answers Advantages: large volume, inexpensive Disadvantages: contaminants, predators, excessive nutrients, biofouling, conflicts with users Springs - Answers Advantages: constant temperature, no predators, no pathogens Disadvantages: pumping cost if not gravity fed Wells - Answers Advantages: no predators, no pathogens Disadvantages: expensive installation, high levels of dissolved gasses (N2, CO2), low O2 Municipal tap water - Answers Advantages: very high quality, no predators, no pathogens Disadvantages: disinfectants (chlorine, long-lasting chlormines), expensive Watershed (water flowing from surrounding areas) - Answers Advantages: inexpensive Disadvantages: contaminents, droughts/floods, 5-7 acre watershed per surface area of water Quantity of water needed - Answers 1 Ponds- 15 gallons per minute per acre (3 exchanges per year) 2 Recirculating system- Daily exchange of 10-20% (35-70 exchanges per year) 3 Raceways- 500 gallons per minute (4 exchanges per hour. 35,000 exchanges per year) Dissolved Oxygen - Answers Most important water quality parameter. Required to support plants, animals, and bacteria. Healthy levels: 5-15 mg/L (ppm) Lethal levels: 2 ppm Solubility increases as Temp and Salinity decrease Solubility decreases as Pressure decreases Carbon Dioxide - Answers 30x more soluble than oxygen Product of respiration Dissolved CO2 becomes carbonic acid which affects pH and alkalinity Hydrogen Sulfide - Answers Very Toxic Found in well water and at bottoms of ponds Anaerobic bacterial decomposition of organic material Removed by aeration Temperature - Answers Second most important water quality parameter. Affects: respiration, feeding, efficiency, growth, behavior, reproduction Cold water species: 5-15 oC Cool water species: 15-20 oC Warm water species: above 20 oC Poikilothermic - Answers Cold blooded Fish have a range of temps for optimal growth Salinity - Answers The total concentration of dissolved ions (ppt or g/L) Freshwater (0) -- Saltwater (35) Hydrometer - Answers Measures water density (specific gravity) 0 ppt= 1 35 ppt= 1.025 Conductivity - Answers Measures electrical resistance among ions within a solution