NURS 6501 ACTUAL EXAM LATEST 2024/2025 QUESTIONS
AND VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS/ ALREADY GRADED
A++
Prokaryocytes - ANSWER lack histones, no organelles, nuclear material
not encased by nuclear membrane, cyanobacteria, bacteria, and
rickettsiae.
Eukaryocyte - ANSWER cell with a nucleus, large, more extensive
intracellular anatomy. have organelles
Differentiation - ANSWER process in which cells become specialized in
structure and function
cellular functions - ANSWER movement, conductivity, metabolic
absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, reproduction, communication
Nucleus - ANSWER A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and
responsible for growth and reproduction. Primary function is cell division
and control of genetic information
Nuclear membrane/envelope - ANSWER Surrounds the nucleolus and
DNA. Controls what enters and leaves the nucleus. Nuclear pore
complexes (NPC) allow molecules to move between nucleus and cytosol
cytoplasmic matrix - ANSWER the space between the nuclear envelope
and the plasma membrane. Filled with cytosol, takes up half the volume of
the cell. Cytosol is the main site for protein synthesis.
Ribosomes - ANSWER Chief function is providing sites for protein
synthesis. Secreted into the cytoplasm through nuclear pore complexes
(NPCs). Ribosomes have signal recognition particles that bind to it. the
ribophorins are receiver proteins on the ER. The protein then threads
through the ER into the lumen and a new protein chain is formed.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - ANSWER A cell structure that forms a maze
of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one
part of the cell to another. (endo=within, plasma= cytoplasm, reticulum=
,network). Tubular or sac-like channels responsible for much of the cell's
protein synthesis and folding- senses cellular stress.
Golgi complex - ANSWER organelle that modifies, packages, and
transports material out of the cell.
Lysosomes - ANSWER cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break
down certain materials in the cell. (lyso= dissolution, soma=body). contain
digestive enzymes called hydrolases.
Autophagy - ANSWER A process in which lysosomes decompose
damaged organelles to reuse their organic monomers
Peroxisomes - ANSWER Break down fatty acids and produce hydrogen
peroxide. contain enzymes that use oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms.
mitochonddria - ANSWER power house of the cell since provide most of
ATP; enclosed by two membranes; dna and rna and celf-replicating.
responsible for cellular respiration and energy production.
Cytosol - ANSWER Fluid portion of cytoplasm/ gelatinous, semiliquid.
Responsible for intermediary metabolism involving enzymatic biochemical
reactions, ribosomal protein synthesis, and storage of carbs, fat and
secretory vesicles.
Cytoskeleton - ANSWER A network of fibers that holds the cell together,
helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement
actin filaments (microfilaments) - ANSWER protein fibers that play a role in
movement of cell and organelles
intermediate filaments - ANSWER Threadlike proteins in the cell's
cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments
plasma membrane - ANSWER A selectively-permeable phospholipid
bilayer forming the boundary of the cells
lipid bilayer - ANSWER flexible double-layered sheet that makes up the cell
membrane and forms a barrier between the cell and its surroundings. Each
,lipid molecule is polar or amphipathic- one is uncharged- hydrophobic, one
end is hydrophilic- charged.
Proteins - ANSWER Chains of amino acids called polypeptides. Major
workhorses of the cell.
transmembrane proteins - ANSWER Integral proteins that span the
membrane.
cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) - ANSWER proteins found on the surface
of most cells that aid in the binding of the cell to the extracellular matrix or
other cells; integral membrane proteins; three major families: cadherins,
integrins, selectins
Proteostasis - ANSWER The maintenance of a cellular steady-state
collection of proteins that are required for cell functions under a given set of
conditions. Cell homeostasis
Proteases - ANSWER enzymes that break down proteins
cellular receptors - ANSWER proteins that have a binding site ("docking
site") complementary in shape to a specific hormone. also called ligands.
Hormones are ligands- fit together like jigsaw puzzle.
cell-cell adhesion - ANSWER holds tissues together. forms organs
extracellular matrix (ECM) - ANSWER intricate meshwork of interstitial
fibrous proteins embedded in a watery, gel-like substance composed of
complex carbohydrates.
basement membrane - ANSWER Layer between epithelium and underlying
connective tissue
cell junctions - ANSWER connections between cells that hold the cells
together as a unit
cellular communication - ANSWER Cells in a large organism communicate
by means of chemical signals that are passed from one cell to another.
communicate to maintain homeostasis, regulate growth and division, and
organization into tissues.
, paracrine signaling - ANSWER secreted molecules diffuse locally and
trigger a response in neighboring cells
autocrine signaling - ANSWER cells respond to signaling substances that
they themselves secrete
neurohormonal signaling - ANSWER hormones are released into the blood
by neurosecretory neurons
membrane channels - ANSWER involved with the movement of substances
through the cell membrane
cellular metabolism - ANSWER anabolism is the use of energy, catabolism
is the release of energy.
ATP - ANSWER (adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells
use for most of their work
oxidative phosphorylation - ANSWER The production of ATP using energy
derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third
major stage of cellular respiration.
membrane transport proteins - ANSWER Proteins embedded in the
membrane of a cell that assist in the transport of large molecules.
Electrolyte - ANSWER A substance that dissolves in water to give a
solution that conducts electric current
Diffusion - ANSWER Movement of molecules from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Filtration - ANSWER The movement of water and solutes through a
membrane because of greater pushing pressure on one side of the
membrane.
hydrostatic pressure - ANSWER Pressure exerted by a volume of fluid
against a wall, membrane, or some other structure that encloses the fluid.
AND VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS/ ALREADY GRADED
A++
Prokaryocytes - ANSWER lack histones, no organelles, nuclear material
not encased by nuclear membrane, cyanobacteria, bacteria, and
rickettsiae.
Eukaryocyte - ANSWER cell with a nucleus, large, more extensive
intracellular anatomy. have organelles
Differentiation - ANSWER process in which cells become specialized in
structure and function
cellular functions - ANSWER movement, conductivity, metabolic
absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, reproduction, communication
Nucleus - ANSWER A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and
responsible for growth and reproduction. Primary function is cell division
and control of genetic information
Nuclear membrane/envelope - ANSWER Surrounds the nucleolus and
DNA. Controls what enters and leaves the nucleus. Nuclear pore
complexes (NPC) allow molecules to move between nucleus and cytosol
cytoplasmic matrix - ANSWER the space between the nuclear envelope
and the plasma membrane. Filled with cytosol, takes up half the volume of
the cell. Cytosol is the main site for protein synthesis.
Ribosomes - ANSWER Chief function is providing sites for protein
synthesis. Secreted into the cytoplasm through nuclear pore complexes
(NPCs). Ribosomes have signal recognition particles that bind to it. the
ribophorins are receiver proteins on the ER. The protein then threads
through the ER into the lumen and a new protein chain is formed.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - ANSWER A cell structure that forms a maze
of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one
part of the cell to another. (endo=within, plasma= cytoplasm, reticulum=
,network). Tubular or sac-like channels responsible for much of the cell's
protein synthesis and folding- senses cellular stress.
Golgi complex - ANSWER organelle that modifies, packages, and
transports material out of the cell.
Lysosomes - ANSWER cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break
down certain materials in the cell. (lyso= dissolution, soma=body). contain
digestive enzymes called hydrolases.
Autophagy - ANSWER A process in which lysosomes decompose
damaged organelles to reuse their organic monomers
Peroxisomes - ANSWER Break down fatty acids and produce hydrogen
peroxide. contain enzymes that use oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms.
mitochonddria - ANSWER power house of the cell since provide most of
ATP; enclosed by two membranes; dna and rna and celf-replicating.
responsible for cellular respiration and energy production.
Cytosol - ANSWER Fluid portion of cytoplasm/ gelatinous, semiliquid.
Responsible for intermediary metabolism involving enzymatic biochemical
reactions, ribosomal protein synthesis, and storage of carbs, fat and
secretory vesicles.
Cytoskeleton - ANSWER A network of fibers that holds the cell together,
helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement
actin filaments (microfilaments) - ANSWER protein fibers that play a role in
movement of cell and organelles
intermediate filaments - ANSWER Threadlike proteins in the cell's
cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments
plasma membrane - ANSWER A selectively-permeable phospholipid
bilayer forming the boundary of the cells
lipid bilayer - ANSWER flexible double-layered sheet that makes up the cell
membrane and forms a barrier between the cell and its surroundings. Each
,lipid molecule is polar or amphipathic- one is uncharged- hydrophobic, one
end is hydrophilic- charged.
Proteins - ANSWER Chains of amino acids called polypeptides. Major
workhorses of the cell.
transmembrane proteins - ANSWER Integral proteins that span the
membrane.
cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) - ANSWER proteins found on the surface
of most cells that aid in the binding of the cell to the extracellular matrix or
other cells; integral membrane proteins; three major families: cadherins,
integrins, selectins
Proteostasis - ANSWER The maintenance of a cellular steady-state
collection of proteins that are required for cell functions under a given set of
conditions. Cell homeostasis
Proteases - ANSWER enzymes that break down proteins
cellular receptors - ANSWER proteins that have a binding site ("docking
site") complementary in shape to a specific hormone. also called ligands.
Hormones are ligands- fit together like jigsaw puzzle.
cell-cell adhesion - ANSWER holds tissues together. forms organs
extracellular matrix (ECM) - ANSWER intricate meshwork of interstitial
fibrous proteins embedded in a watery, gel-like substance composed of
complex carbohydrates.
basement membrane - ANSWER Layer between epithelium and underlying
connective tissue
cell junctions - ANSWER connections between cells that hold the cells
together as a unit
cellular communication - ANSWER Cells in a large organism communicate
by means of chemical signals that are passed from one cell to another.
communicate to maintain homeostasis, regulate growth and division, and
organization into tissues.
, paracrine signaling - ANSWER secreted molecules diffuse locally and
trigger a response in neighboring cells
autocrine signaling - ANSWER cells respond to signaling substances that
they themselves secrete
neurohormonal signaling - ANSWER hormones are released into the blood
by neurosecretory neurons
membrane channels - ANSWER involved with the movement of substances
through the cell membrane
cellular metabolism - ANSWER anabolism is the use of energy, catabolism
is the release of energy.
ATP - ANSWER (adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells
use for most of their work
oxidative phosphorylation - ANSWER The production of ATP using energy
derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third
major stage of cellular respiration.
membrane transport proteins - ANSWER Proteins embedded in the
membrane of a cell that assist in the transport of large molecules.
Electrolyte - ANSWER A substance that dissolves in water to give a
solution that conducts electric current
Diffusion - ANSWER Movement of molecules from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Filtration - ANSWER The movement of water and solutes through a
membrane because of greater pushing pressure on one side of the
membrane.
hydrostatic pressure - ANSWER Pressure exerted by a volume of fluid
against a wall, membrane, or some other structure that encloses the fluid.
