BIO 340 Final Exam/ 491 Qs & Ans/ A+ Score
Solution/ 2024-2025.
What type of bonds are formed between complementary DNA bases? - Answer: Hydrogen
Bonds
Which of the following forms the backbone of a polynucleotide chain? - Answer: alternating
sugar and phosphate groups
In the early 1900s, scientists noted that chromosome movements during cell division in
reproductive cells mirrored the patterns of inheritance described by Mendel. These results and
others confirmed that Mendel's hereditary units (genes) were located on chromosomes. The
sum total of chromosomes in an organism constitute its __________, whereas the organism's
observable traits constitute its __________. - Answer: genotype; phenotype
Page 1 of 59
,Which domain(s) of life include(s) multicellular organisms? - Answer: Eukarya
Watson and Crick derived their model of DNA structure not from their own laboratory research
but rather through the analysis and interpretation of experimental data generated by others,
such as Erwin Chargaff, Rosalind Franklin, and Maurice Wilkins. Which of the following provides
evidence that DNA nucleotides are arranged as complementary base pairs? - Answer:
Percentages of adenine and thymine are approximately equal to one another, and the
percentages of cytosine and guanine are approximately equal to one another.
What type of bonds holds the two strands of DNA together through the formation of
complementary base pairs? - Answer: Hydrogen bonds
Which of the following statements about DNA replication is NOT true? - Answer: A new DNA
strand is synthesized with the same polarity (5′ and 3′ ends) as the template strand
What is a promoter? - Answer: A DNA sequence that specifies the start site for transcription
The genetic code consists of a total of how many different codons? - Answer: 64
Which of the following is NOT one of the four processes of evolution that lead to changes in the
frequency of alleles in a population over time? - Answer: sexual reproduction
A recessive allele that results in a complete loss of gene function is known as which of the
following types of mutation? - Answer: Amorphic
Consider a recessive mutation that results in a complete loss of gene function. If heterozygous
individuals (mutant/wild-type) are phenotypically wild-type, then the wild-type allele would be
described as being __________ - Answer: haplosufficient
Page 2 of 59
,What types of mutants commonly result from regulatory mutations that increase the rate of
transcription of a gene? - Answer: Hypermorphi
If two alleles of a gene (T1 & T2) are incompletely dominant, then selfing individuals that are
heterozygous for these two alleles will produce what phenotypic ratios among the progeny? -
Answer: 1:2:1
The H antigen that directs the formation of ABO blood groups in humans depends on the
activity of the final enzyme product of the H gene. Which of the following best describes the
type of molecule on the surface of red blood cells that is responsible for the determination of
ABO blood type? - Answer: glycolipid
In 1905, Lucien Cuenot observed that crosses between two yellow mice consistently produced
progeny ratios of two yellow : one agouti (wild-type). What is the explanation for the observed
2:1 phenotype ratio? - Answer: The yellow allele is a recessive lethal.
What is the name given to the phenomenon in which some individuals with a particular
genotype fail to display the corresponding phenotype? - Answer: Incomplete penetrance
What is meant by variable expressivity in genetics? - Answer: A single genotype produces a
range of phenotypes that differ in the degree or magnitude of expression of the particular trait
specified by the gene.
In complementary gene interactions, two genes work in tandem to produce a particular
phenotype. Functional copies of both genes are required to produce the phenotype. What
phenotypic ratios would be expected among the F2 progeny of a dihybrid cross involving
dominant and recessive alleles for two such complementary genes? - Answer: 9:7
Page 3 of 59
, In genetic complementation testing, crosses are performed between pure-breeding strains for
recessive mutations that confer the same mutant phenotype. If the two mutations are in
different genes, then what phenotypic ratios would be expected among the progeny? - Answer:
All of the F1 progeny would be wild-type.
Who discovered the structure of DNA - Answer: Watson and Crick
Double-stranded DNA can be denatured into single-stranded DNA by heating, which breaking
hydrogen bonds. What nucleotide content would describe a species that melts at a significantly
higher temperature? - Answer: One in which there is a greater number of C-G base pairs,
because there are three hydrogen bonds between C and G (compared to 2 hydrogen bonds
between A and T)
DNA replication is - Answer: semi-coservative
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology - Answer: deals with the detailed residue-by-residue
transfer of sequential information, it states that such info cannot be transferred from protein to
either protein or nucleic acid
Which DNA template encodes the DNA sequence '5- GACCTC -3' - Answer: 3'- CTGGAG-5'
Which DNA coding stand would be associated with the mRNA 3'- GCAUGC- 5' - Answer: 3'
GCATGC -5'
Which of the following are always encoded by the mitochondrial genome? - Answer:
Mitochondrial rRNAs
Because of lenient rules for third-base wobble in translation, the minimum number of different
tRNAs required in mammalian mitochondria is __________. - Answer: 22
Page 4 of 59
Solution/ 2024-2025.
What type of bonds are formed between complementary DNA bases? - Answer: Hydrogen
Bonds
Which of the following forms the backbone of a polynucleotide chain? - Answer: alternating
sugar and phosphate groups
In the early 1900s, scientists noted that chromosome movements during cell division in
reproductive cells mirrored the patterns of inheritance described by Mendel. These results and
others confirmed that Mendel's hereditary units (genes) were located on chromosomes. The
sum total of chromosomes in an organism constitute its __________, whereas the organism's
observable traits constitute its __________. - Answer: genotype; phenotype
Page 1 of 59
,Which domain(s) of life include(s) multicellular organisms? - Answer: Eukarya
Watson and Crick derived their model of DNA structure not from their own laboratory research
but rather through the analysis and interpretation of experimental data generated by others,
such as Erwin Chargaff, Rosalind Franklin, and Maurice Wilkins. Which of the following provides
evidence that DNA nucleotides are arranged as complementary base pairs? - Answer:
Percentages of adenine and thymine are approximately equal to one another, and the
percentages of cytosine and guanine are approximately equal to one another.
What type of bonds holds the two strands of DNA together through the formation of
complementary base pairs? - Answer: Hydrogen bonds
Which of the following statements about DNA replication is NOT true? - Answer: A new DNA
strand is synthesized with the same polarity (5′ and 3′ ends) as the template strand
What is a promoter? - Answer: A DNA sequence that specifies the start site for transcription
The genetic code consists of a total of how many different codons? - Answer: 64
Which of the following is NOT one of the four processes of evolution that lead to changes in the
frequency of alleles in a population over time? - Answer: sexual reproduction
A recessive allele that results in a complete loss of gene function is known as which of the
following types of mutation? - Answer: Amorphic
Consider a recessive mutation that results in a complete loss of gene function. If heterozygous
individuals (mutant/wild-type) are phenotypically wild-type, then the wild-type allele would be
described as being __________ - Answer: haplosufficient
Page 2 of 59
,What types of mutants commonly result from regulatory mutations that increase the rate of
transcription of a gene? - Answer: Hypermorphi
If two alleles of a gene (T1 & T2) are incompletely dominant, then selfing individuals that are
heterozygous for these two alleles will produce what phenotypic ratios among the progeny? -
Answer: 1:2:1
The H antigen that directs the formation of ABO blood groups in humans depends on the
activity of the final enzyme product of the H gene. Which of the following best describes the
type of molecule on the surface of red blood cells that is responsible for the determination of
ABO blood type? - Answer: glycolipid
In 1905, Lucien Cuenot observed that crosses between two yellow mice consistently produced
progeny ratios of two yellow : one agouti (wild-type). What is the explanation for the observed
2:1 phenotype ratio? - Answer: The yellow allele is a recessive lethal.
What is the name given to the phenomenon in which some individuals with a particular
genotype fail to display the corresponding phenotype? - Answer: Incomplete penetrance
What is meant by variable expressivity in genetics? - Answer: A single genotype produces a
range of phenotypes that differ in the degree or magnitude of expression of the particular trait
specified by the gene.
In complementary gene interactions, two genes work in tandem to produce a particular
phenotype. Functional copies of both genes are required to produce the phenotype. What
phenotypic ratios would be expected among the F2 progeny of a dihybrid cross involving
dominant and recessive alleles for two such complementary genes? - Answer: 9:7
Page 3 of 59
, In genetic complementation testing, crosses are performed between pure-breeding strains for
recessive mutations that confer the same mutant phenotype. If the two mutations are in
different genes, then what phenotypic ratios would be expected among the progeny? - Answer:
All of the F1 progeny would be wild-type.
Who discovered the structure of DNA - Answer: Watson and Crick
Double-stranded DNA can be denatured into single-stranded DNA by heating, which breaking
hydrogen bonds. What nucleotide content would describe a species that melts at a significantly
higher temperature? - Answer: One in which there is a greater number of C-G base pairs,
because there are three hydrogen bonds between C and G (compared to 2 hydrogen bonds
between A and T)
DNA replication is - Answer: semi-coservative
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology - Answer: deals with the detailed residue-by-residue
transfer of sequential information, it states that such info cannot be transferred from protein to
either protein or nucleic acid
Which DNA template encodes the DNA sequence '5- GACCTC -3' - Answer: 3'- CTGGAG-5'
Which DNA coding stand would be associated with the mRNA 3'- GCAUGC- 5' - Answer: 3'
GCATGC -5'
Which of the following are always encoded by the mitochondrial genome? - Answer:
Mitochondrial rRNAs
Because of lenient rules for third-base wobble in translation, the minimum number of different
tRNAs required in mammalian mitochondria is __________. - Answer: 22
Page 4 of 59
