Psychology of Sex and Gender Exam 2
gender stereotypes - ✔✔ correct answer shared beliefs about the traits, qualities, and tendencies
associated with different sex categories
regardless of the actual sex, the same instructor received better teaching evaluations from students who
thought the instructor was a male - ✔✔ correct answer Lillian MacNell and colleagues randomly
assigned students in an online anthropology course to one of four discussion sections that were taught
by two different instructors, one of whom was male and the other female
generalization - ✔✔ correct answer tendency to assume that a new member of a category has the same
qualities as other category members
Deaux and Lewis (1984) - ✔✔ correct answer proposed four primary components of gender stereotypes:
trait dimensions, role behaviors, occupations, and physical appearance
communion - ✔✔ correct answer a dimension, stereotypically associated with women, that reflects
traits such as warmth, connectedness, generosity, and kindness
agency - ✔✔ correct answer a dimension, stereotypically associated with men, that reflects traits such
as competence, intelligence, assertiveness, and competitiveness
stereotype content model - ✔✔ correct answer theory proposing that stereotypes about social groups
fall along communion and agency dimensions and that groups may be seen as high or low on both
dimensions
-6 adjectives associated with men across all cultures
-3 adjectives identified with women across all cultures - ✔✔ correct answer Williams and Best (1990)
presented university students in 27 different cultures with a list of 300 adjectives and asked the students
to indicate whether, in their culture, each adjective was associated more frequently with women or with
men
-stereotypes of women and men overlapped the most in Scotland, Bolivia, and Venezuela while women
and men were stereotyped as being least alike in Germany, the Netherlands, and Finland
- Italy, Peru, and Australia: stereotyping women more favorably
- Japan, South Africa, and Nigeria: stereotyping men more favorably
, Psychology of Sex and Gender Exam 2
found evidence that participants endorsed gender stereotypes just as strongly in 2016 as they did in
1983, leading to conclude that gender stereotypes in the U.S have not weakened over time - ✔✔ correct
answer Haines (2016) presented rater with the same gender traits that Deaux and Lewis used several
decades ago and asked them to rate the likelihood that either a typical man or a typical woman
possessed each trait
found strong evidence that stereotypes of women are more favorable than stereotypes about men - ✔✔
correct answer Eagly and Mladinic (1994) asked people how positively versus how negatively they felt
about the communal and agents traits associated with women and men
women-are-wonderful effect - ✔✔ correct answer tendency for people to view stereotypes about
women more favorably than they view stereotypes about men
think manager-think male effect - ✔✔ correct answer effect in which stereotypes of men and good
leaders overlap more strongly than stereotypes of women and good managers
- found that people make clear-cut distinctions between different gender subgroups - ✔✔ correct
answer Thomas Eckes (2002) asked participants to rate 17 female and 24 male subgroups on communal
and agentic dimensions
- Example: "hippie" men are stereotyped as lower in competence but higher in warmth than "manager"
men, and "career" women are stereotyped as higher in competence but lower in warmth than
"housewife" women
cultural stereotypes about gender and ethnicity are rooted in systems of power in which the most
powerful members of social groups serve as the prototype of those groups - ✔✔ correct answer
Ghavami and Peplau (2012) asked participants to list 10 characteristics that were part of common
cultural stereotypes about various social groups, including sex groups, racial and ethnic groups, and
groups that reflected combinations of the two sex groups and the five racial/ethnic groups
prototype - ✔✔ correct answer the most typical cognitive representation of a category; with social
groups, the prototype is the cultural default for representing the group
- "flamboyant" and "feminine" gay men are stereotyped as high in communion and somewhat low in
agency
gender stereotypes - ✔✔ correct answer shared beliefs about the traits, qualities, and tendencies
associated with different sex categories
regardless of the actual sex, the same instructor received better teaching evaluations from students who
thought the instructor was a male - ✔✔ correct answer Lillian MacNell and colleagues randomly
assigned students in an online anthropology course to one of four discussion sections that were taught
by two different instructors, one of whom was male and the other female
generalization - ✔✔ correct answer tendency to assume that a new member of a category has the same
qualities as other category members
Deaux and Lewis (1984) - ✔✔ correct answer proposed four primary components of gender stereotypes:
trait dimensions, role behaviors, occupations, and physical appearance
communion - ✔✔ correct answer a dimension, stereotypically associated with women, that reflects
traits such as warmth, connectedness, generosity, and kindness
agency - ✔✔ correct answer a dimension, stereotypically associated with men, that reflects traits such
as competence, intelligence, assertiveness, and competitiveness
stereotype content model - ✔✔ correct answer theory proposing that stereotypes about social groups
fall along communion and agency dimensions and that groups may be seen as high or low on both
dimensions
-6 adjectives associated with men across all cultures
-3 adjectives identified with women across all cultures - ✔✔ correct answer Williams and Best (1990)
presented university students in 27 different cultures with a list of 300 adjectives and asked the students
to indicate whether, in their culture, each adjective was associated more frequently with women or with
men
-stereotypes of women and men overlapped the most in Scotland, Bolivia, and Venezuela while women
and men were stereotyped as being least alike in Germany, the Netherlands, and Finland
- Italy, Peru, and Australia: stereotyping women more favorably
- Japan, South Africa, and Nigeria: stereotyping men more favorably
, Psychology of Sex and Gender Exam 2
found evidence that participants endorsed gender stereotypes just as strongly in 2016 as they did in
1983, leading to conclude that gender stereotypes in the U.S have not weakened over time - ✔✔ correct
answer Haines (2016) presented rater with the same gender traits that Deaux and Lewis used several
decades ago and asked them to rate the likelihood that either a typical man or a typical woman
possessed each trait
found strong evidence that stereotypes of women are more favorable than stereotypes about men - ✔✔
correct answer Eagly and Mladinic (1994) asked people how positively versus how negatively they felt
about the communal and agents traits associated with women and men
women-are-wonderful effect - ✔✔ correct answer tendency for people to view stereotypes about
women more favorably than they view stereotypes about men
think manager-think male effect - ✔✔ correct answer effect in which stereotypes of men and good
leaders overlap more strongly than stereotypes of women and good managers
- found that people make clear-cut distinctions between different gender subgroups - ✔✔ correct
answer Thomas Eckes (2002) asked participants to rate 17 female and 24 male subgroups on communal
and agentic dimensions
- Example: "hippie" men are stereotyped as lower in competence but higher in warmth than "manager"
men, and "career" women are stereotyped as higher in competence but lower in warmth than
"housewife" women
cultural stereotypes about gender and ethnicity are rooted in systems of power in which the most
powerful members of social groups serve as the prototype of those groups - ✔✔ correct answer
Ghavami and Peplau (2012) asked participants to list 10 characteristics that were part of common
cultural stereotypes about various social groups, including sex groups, racial and ethnic groups, and
groups that reflected combinations of the two sex groups and the five racial/ethnic groups
prototype - ✔✔ correct answer the most typical cognitive representation of a category; with social
groups, the prototype is the cultural default for representing the group
- "flamboyant" and "feminine" gay men are stereotyped as high in communion and somewhat low in
agency
