Exam 3: NURS618/ NURS 618 (Latest 2024/ 2025 Update) Pathophysiology Guide | Qs & As | 100% Correct (Verified Answers)- Southeastern Louisiana

Exam 3: NURS618/ NURS 618 (Latest 2024/ 2025 Update) Pathophysiology Guide | Qs & As | 100% Correct (Verified Answers)- Southeastern Louisiana Q: Brush Border Enzyme Answer: - Secreted by enterocytes that aid in digestion of carbs and proteins. They adhere to the border of the villus structures. They have access to the carbs and protein molecules as they come in contact with the absorptive surface of the intestine. This mechanism of secretion places the enzymes where they are needed and eliminates the need to produce enough enzymes to mux with the entire contents filling the lumen of the small bowel. Q: Fat Digestion/absorption Answer: - Break down the large globules of dietary fat into smaller sizes so that water-soluble digestive enzymes can act on the surface of molecules. This is called emulsification which begins in the stomach with agitation of the globules and continues in the duodenum under the influence of bile from the liver. It greatly increases the number of triglyceride molecules exposed to pancreatic lipase, which splits triglycerides into free fatty acids and monoglycerides. They are then transported to intestinal villi, then taken into the epithelial cells and used to form new triglycerides. Small quantities of short and medium chain fatty acids are absorbed directly into the portal blood rather than being converted into triglycerides and absorbed by way of the lymphatics. Fat not absorbed is secreted via stool. Q: Ulcerative Colitis Answer: - Begins in the rectum and goes into the colon. Lesions that form in the base of the mucosal layer. The inflammation process leads to the formation of pinpoint mucosal hemorrhages, which in time suppurate and develop into abscesses. These inflammatory lesions may become necrotic and ulcerate. As a result, the mucosal layer often develops a tongue like projection that resembles polyps. The bowel wall thickens in response to repeated episodes of colitis. - Clinical Manifestations: relapsing attacks of diarrhea. Contains blood and mucus. Nocturnal diarrhea. If bad enough, can develop toxic megacolon. Believed to my of systemic origin. - Colonoscopy should not be performed on people with severe UC because of risk of perforation. - Treated by avoiding triggers like caffeine, milk, spicy food, and food that causes gas. Q: H Pylori Answer: - Chronic infection with this can lead to gastric atrophy and peptic ulcer and is associated with increased risk of gastric adenocarcinoma and the creation of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, which can progress to lymphoma. - Colonize the mucus secreting epithelial cells of the stomach. Secrete urase which enables these bacteria to produce sufficient ammonia to buffer the acidity of the immediate environment. They have the ability to produce enzymes and toxins that have the capacity to interfere with the local protection of the gastric mucosa against acid, produce intense inflammation, and elicit an immune response. Q: Estrogen deficiency Answer: - Menopause: results from the gradual cessation of ovarian function and the resultant diminished levels of estrogen. Ovaries and uterus diminish in size and the cervix and vagina become pale and friable. Vaginal pH increases; a pH greater than 4.5 usually associated with estrogen deficiency. Long term estrogen deprivation can cause osteoporosis because of an imbalance in bone remodeling and an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Estrogen deprivation causes a retrogression of a previously built up endometrium and bleeding. In its absence, estrogen induces development of a much thicker endometrial layer with a richer blood supply. Estrogen deficiency is associated with absence of ovulation