Week 6: NR283:Pathophysiology: NR283 Pathophysiology
What are the two main compartments for fluids in the body - ANSWER:Extracellular
Intracellular
In all but infants, _______ of total fluid is inside cells (the intracellular compartment) - ANSWER:2/3
(infants is 50/50)
Extracellular fluid compartment is made up of what - ANSWER:blood, interstitial fluid, everything else
______________ is the largest compartment of the extracellular compartment - ANSWER:Interstitium
Why is vomiting and diarrhea dangerous in infants - ANSWER:Infants run about 50/50 in terms of where
their fluid is stored, can lose volume much faster than adults can because most of our fluid is inside our
cells
can experience cardiovascular collapse due to loss of fluid
Intracellular fluid has lots of what four things - ANSWER:potassium, magnesium, phosphates, and
proteins
Extracellular fluid has lots of what three ions - ANSWER:sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate ions
Outside of cells, soluble proteins are found pretty much just __________ - ANSWER:in the blood
In adults, body water is _______% of total weight - ANSWER:50-60%
Vast majority of potassium is __________ cells, vast majority of sodium is ________ our cells -
ANSWER:inside
outside
_________ of water must be ingested, the rest comes from our own metabolic reactions - ANSWER:90%
_________ is for keeping skin moist - ANSWER:Insensate sweating (so slow you cannot sense it, not
meant for thermoregulation)
Most water is lost through _______ - ANSWER:urine
Hydrostatic pressure and interstitial osmotic pressure tend to drive/pull fluid out of ________ -
ANSWER:capillaries
Capillary osmotic and interstitial hydrostatic pressures tend to drive/pull fluid from interstitium into
__________ - ANSWER:the capillaries and lymph
Distribution of fluid between the interstitium and intracellular compartment is the result of __________
- ANSWER:osmotic forces alone - no hydrostatic pressures here
The plasma membrane is ________ __________ to water - ANSWER:freely permeable
Excretion (loss from the body) of fluids occurs via what mechanisms - ANSWER:skin, bowels, lungs, and
(most of all) urine
, Amount of fluid lost via urine is controlled by hormones, what are the names of these hormones -
ANSWER:Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Aldosterone
Atrial natriuretic and brain natriuretic (actually released from ventricles in humans) hormones
_________ _________ is the other name for ADH - ANSWER:Arginine vasopressin
ADH release is increased when - ANSWER:with increased osmolarity of the extracellular fluid and/or
decreased blood volume
ADH causes reabsorption of __________ from where - ANSWER:pure water
distal tubules and collecting ducts in the kidney.
ADH is made in the hypothalamus, but released from where - ANSWER:Posterior pituitary
Sweating will cause the release of what hormone - ANSWER:ADH
Aldosterone comes from where - ANSWER:adrenal cortex
What does aldosterone do - ANSWER:Aldosterone causes renal tubules to increase their reabsorption of
sodium (with water following)
What events could you experience that would cause aldosterone to be released - ANSWER:Release it for
bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea
Aldosterone is released due to an increase in angiotensin II activity. What causes increases in angiotensin
II activity - ANSWER:increased with decreased blood volume and/or increased potassium concentration
in the blood
Aldosterone means _______ urine - ANSWER:less and more concentrated
less
Atrial naturetic hormone - ANSWER:Increase of volume stretches right atrium muscle, makes atrial
natriuretic peptide to help you offload fluid by increasing loss of sodium in the kidneys
Brain natriuretic peptide - ANSWER:senses your concentration is getting too low and tries to get you to
pee out fluid (not a perfect solution to correct concentration problem)
Volume deficit is loss of what? Does ECF concentration change? - ANSWER:sodium-containing fluid (loss
of saline)
concentration of ECF doesn't change
Hypovolumic - ANSWER:lost isotonic solution (bled out, ascites, or something) and now have too little
fluid on board
Sudden weight loss is a sensitive measure of what - ANSWER:ECF volume deficit (water is heavy)
What's the normal concentration of sodium - ANSWER:140 mEq/L (that's mM, sorta)
What are the two main compartments for fluids in the body - ANSWER:Extracellular
Intracellular
In all but infants, _______ of total fluid is inside cells (the intracellular compartment) - ANSWER:2/3
(infants is 50/50)
Extracellular fluid compartment is made up of what - ANSWER:blood, interstitial fluid, everything else
______________ is the largest compartment of the extracellular compartment - ANSWER:Interstitium
Why is vomiting and diarrhea dangerous in infants - ANSWER:Infants run about 50/50 in terms of where
their fluid is stored, can lose volume much faster than adults can because most of our fluid is inside our
cells
can experience cardiovascular collapse due to loss of fluid
Intracellular fluid has lots of what four things - ANSWER:potassium, magnesium, phosphates, and
proteins
Extracellular fluid has lots of what three ions - ANSWER:sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate ions
Outside of cells, soluble proteins are found pretty much just __________ - ANSWER:in the blood
In adults, body water is _______% of total weight - ANSWER:50-60%
Vast majority of potassium is __________ cells, vast majority of sodium is ________ our cells -
ANSWER:inside
outside
_________ of water must be ingested, the rest comes from our own metabolic reactions - ANSWER:90%
_________ is for keeping skin moist - ANSWER:Insensate sweating (so slow you cannot sense it, not
meant for thermoregulation)
Most water is lost through _______ - ANSWER:urine
Hydrostatic pressure and interstitial osmotic pressure tend to drive/pull fluid out of ________ -
ANSWER:capillaries
Capillary osmotic and interstitial hydrostatic pressures tend to drive/pull fluid from interstitium into
__________ - ANSWER:the capillaries and lymph
Distribution of fluid between the interstitium and intracellular compartment is the result of __________
- ANSWER:osmotic forces alone - no hydrostatic pressures here
The plasma membrane is ________ __________ to water - ANSWER:freely permeable
Excretion (loss from the body) of fluids occurs via what mechanisms - ANSWER:skin, bowels, lungs, and
(most of all) urine
, Amount of fluid lost via urine is controlled by hormones, what are the names of these hormones -
ANSWER:Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Aldosterone
Atrial natriuretic and brain natriuretic (actually released from ventricles in humans) hormones
_________ _________ is the other name for ADH - ANSWER:Arginine vasopressin
ADH release is increased when - ANSWER:with increased osmolarity of the extracellular fluid and/or
decreased blood volume
ADH causes reabsorption of __________ from where - ANSWER:pure water
distal tubules and collecting ducts in the kidney.
ADH is made in the hypothalamus, but released from where - ANSWER:Posterior pituitary
Sweating will cause the release of what hormone - ANSWER:ADH
Aldosterone comes from where - ANSWER:adrenal cortex
What does aldosterone do - ANSWER:Aldosterone causes renal tubules to increase their reabsorption of
sodium (with water following)
What events could you experience that would cause aldosterone to be released - ANSWER:Release it for
bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea
Aldosterone is released due to an increase in angiotensin II activity. What causes increases in angiotensin
II activity - ANSWER:increased with decreased blood volume and/or increased potassium concentration
in the blood
Aldosterone means _______ urine - ANSWER:less and more concentrated
less
Atrial naturetic hormone - ANSWER:Increase of volume stretches right atrium muscle, makes atrial
natriuretic peptide to help you offload fluid by increasing loss of sodium in the kidneys
Brain natriuretic peptide - ANSWER:senses your concentration is getting too low and tries to get you to
pee out fluid (not a perfect solution to correct concentration problem)
Volume deficit is loss of what? Does ECF concentration change? - ANSWER:sodium-containing fluid (loss
of saline)
concentration of ECF doesn't change
Hypovolumic - ANSWER:lost isotonic solution (bled out, ascites, or something) and now have too little
fluid on board
Sudden weight loss is a sensitive measure of what - ANSWER:ECF volume deficit (water is heavy)
What's the normal concentration of sodium - ANSWER:140 mEq/L (that's mM, sorta)
