BIOC 3021- Exam #3 Exam Study Guide.

©FYNDLAY EXAM SOLUTIONS 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 1 | P a g e BIOC 3021- Exam #3 Exam Study Guide. Catabolism - answerProcesses that break down food for energy and building blocks -Example: glycolysis Anabolism - answerProcesses that use energy and building blocks to make molecules we need -Example: photosynthesis Sun - answerAll life depends on the energy acquired from the _________. -Light energy is absorbed during photosynthesis, which promotes electrons to higher energy orbitals (excited state) -Excited electrons store energy and can transfer it to other molecules in redox reactions -Constant influx of energy to resist entropy Oxidized - answerFood is _______ to collect high energy electrons that are then used to drive reactions Coupled reactions - answerA thermodynamically unfavorable reaction (postive ΔG) can be made to occur if coupled with a thermodynamically favorable reaction (negative ΔG) -Overall negative ΔG Kinase - answerAn enzyme that transfers a phosphate group from one molecule to another Coenzyme - answerA low molecular weight organic compound, which in cooperation with an enzyme, facilitates catalysis of a reaction -Often have a component that is derived from a vitamin Vitamin - answerA nutritional requirement since the organism is unable to biosynthesize an adequate amount for its own use NAD+ - answerA coenzyme that collects electrons released during catabolism; is reduced to NADH ©FYNDLAY EXAM SOLUTIONS 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 2 | P a g e -Form of stored chemical energy (electron carrier) -Provides energy upon oxidation that drives synthesis of ATP Niacin - answerVitamin component of NAD+ Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) - answer 2 - answerThe reduction of NAD+ to NADH involves _____ the transfer of ________ electrons. FAD - answerAn electron carrier that is reduced to FADH2 Glycolysis - answerThe first step in the process of oxidizing glucose to get energy from the molecule; most common pathway to harvest energy -Reactants: 1 molecule of glucose, 2 ATP -Products: 2 pyruvate molecules, 4 ATP (2 net), 2 NADH Glucose - answerThe main fuel for human bodies; contains a lot of reduced carbon Facilitated diffusion - answerGlucose enters into cells through three pathways: 1) diffusion, 2) __________ and 3) active transport -The 2nd pathway listed uses the transport protein Glut-1 Investment phase - answerThe first phase of glycolysis (Reactions 1-5); breaks glucose into two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate -Requires the spending of two ATP molecules (increasing free energy of glucose) Payoff phase - answerThe second phase of glycolysis (Reactions 6-10); convert the two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate into two pyruvate molecules -Generates four ATP molecules Hexokinase - answerThe enzyme required to catalyze the first reaction of glycolysis Glucose; ATP - answerThe reactant(s) of the first reaction of glycolysis Glucose-6-phosphate; ADP - answerThe product(s) of the second reaction of glycolysis Phosphoryl transfer - answerThe first reaction of glycolysis is this type of reaction; this is important because it keeps the concentration of glucose (phosphorylated glucose is chemically different) in the cell low so it can diffuse down the gradient and into the cell. -Not a favorable reaction BUT required ©FYNDLAY EXAM SOLUTIONS 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 3 | P a g e -Irreversible -G6P not recognized by glucose transport proteins (no re-export); charged so cannot diffuse out of cell Phosphoglucose isomerase - answerThe enzyme required to catalyze the second reaction of glycolysis Glucose-6-phosphate - answerThe reactant(s) of the second reaction of glycolysis Fructose-6-phosphate - answerThe product(s) of the second reaction of glycolysis Isomerization - answerThe second reaction of glycolysis is this type of reaction Phosphofructokinase - answerThe enzyme required to catalyze the third reaction of glycolysis Fructose-6-phosphate; ATP - answerThe reactant(s) of the third reaction of glycolysis Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate; ADP - answerThe product(s) of the third reaction of glycolysis Phosphoryl transfer - answerThe thi d reaction of glycolysis is this type of reaction -Irreversible 3rd; ATP - answerThe __________ reaction of glycolysis is a key control point in controlling the rate of the pathway. -The enzyme of this reaction is inhibited by high levels of _______ (which binds to an allosteric site as well as the active site) and high levels of citrate -The enzyme's inhibition is reversed by high levels of AMP Aldolase - answerThe enzyme that catalyzes the fourth reaction of glycolysis Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate - answerThe reactant(s) of the fourth reaction of glycolysis Dihydroxyacetone phosphate; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate - answerThe product(s) of the fourth reaction of glycolysis Aldol cleavage - answerThe fourth reaction of glycolysis is this type of reaction Triose phosphate isomerase - answerThe enzyme that catalyzes the fifth reaction of glycolysis Dihydroxyacetone phosphate - answerThe reactant(s) of the fifth reaction of glycolysis Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate - answerThe product(s) of the fifth reaction of glycolysis Isomerization - answerThe fifth reaction of glycolysis is this type of reaction