BIOD 151 Final Exam Q&A Latest 2024/2025 – 100% Verified |
Updated Study Guide for Success
1. What are the levels of organization in the body?: atom, molecule, macromol-
ecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ systems, organism
2. What is superior v inferior?: toward the head (above) v away from the head
(below)
3. What is ventral v dorsal?: front (anterior) v back (posterior)
4. What is medial v lateral?: toward the midline of the body v away from the midline
of the body
5. What is proximal v distal?: close to the point of attachment v farther from point
of attachment
6. What is deep v superficial?: away from the body surface v toward the body
surface
7. What is flexion v extension?: closing of a joint v opening of a joint
8. what is ABduction v ADDuction?: movement away from midline v movement
toward midline
9. What is dorsiflexion v plantarflexion?: toes up v toes down
10. What is pronation v supination?: palms up/foot lateral v palms down/foot
medial
11. What is elevation v depression?: upward movement of a structure v downward
movement of a structure
12. What is retraction v protraction?: movement of a structure drawn backward v
movement of a structure drawn forward
13. Describe anatomical position: Standing upright with feet slightly apart, palms
facing forward and thumbs facing away from the body
14. What is the sagittal plane?: divides body into left and right (midsagittal is equal
parts)
15. What are frontal planes?: divides body into front and back
16. What is a transverse plane?: divides the body into superior and inferior parts
17. What lies within the dorsal cavity?: the cranial cavity, the spinal cavity, pelvic
cavity
18. What lies within the ventral body cavity?: thoracic cavity, pleural cavity, tho-
racic cavity, pericardial cavity, abdominopelvic cavity
19. What is serosa?: membrane that lines the ventral body cavity and the outer
surface of the organs
20. What is pleurisy?: inflammation of the pleurae
21. What are the nine abdominopelvic regions?: R/L hypochondriac, epigastric,
R/L lumbar, umbilical, R/L hypogastric, hypogastric
22. Why do cells need to remain relatively small?: Because as the cell expands,
the amount of surface area relative to volume decreases. The smaller cell is more
active when its surface area, relative to its volume, is bigger
, BIOD 151 Final Exam Q&A Latest 2024/2025 – 100% Verified |
Updated Study Guide for Success
23. What are the three characteristics of a prokaryotic cell?: smaller than eu-
karyotic, DNA is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane, do not contain many of the
internal membrane-bound organelles that eukaryotic cells have
24. What parts of a prokaryotic cell can be labeled?: capsule, cell wall, plasma
membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, plasmid, pili, bacterial flagellum, nucleoid
25. What is the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell?: surrounded by a nuclear membrane
and contains DNA. Serves as the control enter of the cell
26. What are chromosomes?: organized form of DNA in a cell
27. What are genes?: sections of a chromosome that determine what proteins are
synthesized in the ribosomes
28. What transfers the information from the DNA to the ribosomes?: Messen-
ger RNA
29. Where is RNA made?: nucleolus
30. What are ribosomes?: tiny manufacturing plants that assemble proteins.
31. Where are ribosomes located?: the rough ER
32. What is the purpose of the rough/smooth ER?: after proteins are assembled,
they are modified and transported by the eR. The smooth ER also synthesizes lipids
33. What is the cytoplasm?: fluid portion of the cell and all the organelles outside
of the nucleus
34. What is the golgi complex?: made up of flattened sacs called cisternae.
Responsible for receiving lipids and proteins synthesized by the ER altering their
structures and shipping them to other parts of the cell.
35. What are lysosomes?: produced by the golgi complex, they are a digestive
enzyme that breaks down proteins, lipids, carbs, and nucleic acids
36. What is tay-sachs?: when a normally present digestive enzyme is lacking that
causes a topic lipid in the brain to build up resulting in intellectual disability and death
37. What are the protein fibers that compose the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic
cells?: microtubules- hollow cylinders that are involved in the movement of chro-
mosomes during cell division and the structure of cilia and flagella; microfilaments -
solid, flexible fibers made up of two intertwined polymer chains of actins.
38. What is the fluid-mosaic model?: proposes that the membrane is a phospho-
lipid bi-layer in which proteins are either partially or entirely embedded like tiles in a
mosaic picture.
39. What are the two primary components of a membrane?: lipids and proteins
40. what are amphipathic phospholipids?: The most common lipid in a mem-
brane that arranges themselves so the hydrophilic layer faces out and the hydropho-
bic layers face in (lipid bi-layer)
Updated Study Guide for Success
1. What are the levels of organization in the body?: atom, molecule, macromol-
ecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ systems, organism
2. What is superior v inferior?: toward the head (above) v away from the head
(below)
3. What is ventral v dorsal?: front (anterior) v back (posterior)
4. What is medial v lateral?: toward the midline of the body v away from the midline
of the body
5. What is proximal v distal?: close to the point of attachment v farther from point
of attachment
6. What is deep v superficial?: away from the body surface v toward the body
surface
7. What is flexion v extension?: closing of a joint v opening of a joint
8. what is ABduction v ADDuction?: movement away from midline v movement
toward midline
9. What is dorsiflexion v plantarflexion?: toes up v toes down
10. What is pronation v supination?: palms up/foot lateral v palms down/foot
medial
11. What is elevation v depression?: upward movement of a structure v downward
movement of a structure
12. What is retraction v protraction?: movement of a structure drawn backward v
movement of a structure drawn forward
13. Describe anatomical position: Standing upright with feet slightly apart, palms
facing forward and thumbs facing away from the body
14. What is the sagittal plane?: divides body into left and right (midsagittal is equal
parts)
15. What are frontal planes?: divides body into front and back
16. What is a transverse plane?: divides the body into superior and inferior parts
17. What lies within the dorsal cavity?: the cranial cavity, the spinal cavity, pelvic
cavity
18. What lies within the ventral body cavity?: thoracic cavity, pleural cavity, tho-
racic cavity, pericardial cavity, abdominopelvic cavity
19. What is serosa?: membrane that lines the ventral body cavity and the outer
surface of the organs
20. What is pleurisy?: inflammation of the pleurae
21. What are the nine abdominopelvic regions?: R/L hypochondriac, epigastric,
R/L lumbar, umbilical, R/L hypogastric, hypogastric
22. Why do cells need to remain relatively small?: Because as the cell expands,
the amount of surface area relative to volume decreases. The smaller cell is more
active when its surface area, relative to its volume, is bigger
, BIOD 151 Final Exam Q&A Latest 2024/2025 – 100% Verified |
Updated Study Guide for Success
23. What are the three characteristics of a prokaryotic cell?: smaller than eu-
karyotic, DNA is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane, do not contain many of the
internal membrane-bound organelles that eukaryotic cells have
24. What parts of a prokaryotic cell can be labeled?: capsule, cell wall, plasma
membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, plasmid, pili, bacterial flagellum, nucleoid
25. What is the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell?: surrounded by a nuclear membrane
and contains DNA. Serves as the control enter of the cell
26. What are chromosomes?: organized form of DNA in a cell
27. What are genes?: sections of a chromosome that determine what proteins are
synthesized in the ribosomes
28. What transfers the information from the DNA to the ribosomes?: Messen-
ger RNA
29. Where is RNA made?: nucleolus
30. What are ribosomes?: tiny manufacturing plants that assemble proteins.
31. Where are ribosomes located?: the rough ER
32. What is the purpose of the rough/smooth ER?: after proteins are assembled,
they are modified and transported by the eR. The smooth ER also synthesizes lipids
33. What is the cytoplasm?: fluid portion of the cell and all the organelles outside
of the nucleus
34. What is the golgi complex?: made up of flattened sacs called cisternae.
Responsible for receiving lipids and proteins synthesized by the ER altering their
structures and shipping them to other parts of the cell.
35. What are lysosomes?: produced by the golgi complex, they are a digestive
enzyme that breaks down proteins, lipids, carbs, and nucleic acids
36. What is tay-sachs?: when a normally present digestive enzyme is lacking that
causes a topic lipid in the brain to build up resulting in intellectual disability and death
37. What are the protein fibers that compose the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic
cells?: microtubules- hollow cylinders that are involved in the movement of chro-
mosomes during cell division and the structure of cilia and flagella; microfilaments -
solid, flexible fibers made up of two intertwined polymer chains of actins.
38. What is the fluid-mosaic model?: proposes that the membrane is a phospho-
lipid bi-layer in which proteins are either partially or entirely embedded like tiles in a
mosaic picture.
39. What are the two primary components of a membrane?: lipids and proteins
40. what are amphipathic phospholipids?: The most common lipid in a mem-
brane that arranges themselves so the hydrophilic layer faces out and the hydropho-
bic layers face in (lipid bi-layer)
