NU 545 UNIT 1 STUDY QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS RATED A+
What is metabolic absorption? - ANSWER >>>>>The uptake and
use of nutrients and other substances from the cells surrounds (pg.
3).
What uses oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms in an oxidative
reaction? - ANSWER >>>>>Peroxisomes contain enzymes to use
o2 to remove H atoms. This produces hydrogen peroixide. (pg 8)
During cell injury what is released that is capable of cellular
autodigestion? - ANSWER >>>>>Lysosomes aid in cellular
digestion, seen as "trash cans and recycling agents" "as cells
complete their life span and die, lysosomes digest...the debris...
Lysosomes involved in this process of autodigestion are called
autolysosomes or autophagomes (pg 7-8).
Where is the genetic info contained in the cell? - ANSWER
>>>>>The nucleus contains the Nucleolus, a small dense structure
composed of RNA, DNA, DNA protein. Pg 3.
Cell membranes contain which major chemical components? -
ANSWER >>>>>"The main components of cell membranes are
lipids and proteins. The basic structure of cell membranes is the
lipid bilayer..." pg 12
What allows potassium to diffuse in and out of cells? - ANSWER
>>>>>Diffusion is the movement of a solute molecule from and
area of greater solute concentration to an area of lesser solute
concentration. (pg. 29). Active transport of K+ and Na+ requires a
Sodium-Potassium Pump (pg. 31).
,How is the cell protected from injury? - ANSWER >>>>>Plasma
membrane pg 12 table 1.1 (functions of membrane).
In cirrhosis, what does cholesterol have to do with the
erythrocytes? - ANSWER >>>>>causes a decrease in membrane
fluidity and affects the cells' ability to transport oxygen
What is platelet-derived growth factor? - ANSWER >>>>>PDGF
stimulates proliferation of connective tissue cells and neuroglial
cells. Can help with creating blood clots. Pg 38.
What is cell communication? How does it occur? - ANSWER
>>>>>Cells need to communicate w/ each other to maintain a
stable internal environment, or homeostasis; to regulate growth
and division... it is done by 3 main ways. 1) they display plasma
membrane-bound signaling molecules (receptors) that affect the
cell itself and other cells in direct physical contact. 2) they affect
receptor proteins inside the target cell and the signal molecule has
to enter the cell to bind w/ them. 3) they form protein channels
that directly coordinate the activities of the adjacent cells. Pg 19.
What is chemical signaling? - ANSWER >>>>>Primary means of
cell-to-cell communication. 5 forms of signaling mediated by
secreted molecules: (1) Contact-dependent signaling requires cells
to be in close membrane-membrane contact; (2) Paracrine
signaling- cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly
absorbed, destroyed, or immobilized; (3) Autocrine signaling- cells
produce signals that they, themselves, respond to (cancer cells); (4)
Hormonal signaling involves specialized endocrine cells that secrete
chemicals called hormones (TSH). Hormones are released by one
set of cells and travel through the tissue and through the
bloodstream to produce a response in other sets of cells; (5)
Neurohormonal signaling- hormones are released into the blood by
neurosecretory neurons. (p.19)
, How is glucose transported from the blood to the cell? - ANSWER
>>>>>Pancreatic cells secrete and release insulin to signal muscle
cells to absorb sugar from the blood for energy. (p.3)
Understand the transportation of potassium and sodium across
plasma membranes - ANSWER >>>>>The Na+ -K+ antiport system
(Na+ moving out of the cell and K+ moving into the cell) uses the
direct energy of ATP to move these cations. The transporter protein
is the enzyme adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase). Approximately
60% to 70% of the ATP synthesized by cells is used to maintain the
Na+-K+ transport system. 1, three Na+ ions bind to sodium- binding
sites on the carrier's interface. 2, at the same time, an energy-
containing adenosine triphosphate molecule produced by the cell's
mitochondria bind to the carrier. The ATP disassociates,
transferring its stored energy to the carrier. 3 and 4, the carrier
then changes shape, releases the three Na+ ions to the outside of
the cell, and attracts two potassium ions to its potassium- binding
site. 5, the carrier then returns to its original shape, releasing the
two K+ ions and the remnant of the ATP molecule to the inside of
the cell. The carrier is now ready for another pumping cycle (p.31)
What is active transport? - ANSWER >>>>>requires life, biologic
activity, and the cell's expenditure of metabolic energy. Unlike
passive transport, active transport occurs across only living
membranes that have to drive the flow "uphill" by coupling it to an
energy source (p. 28)
What are cytokines? - ANSWER >>>>>Growth factor, also called
cytokines, stimulate an increase in cell mass or cell growth by
promoting the synthesis of proteins and other macromolecules and
inhibiting their degradation (p. 38)
Cytokines constitute a large family of small-molecular-weight
soluble intracellular-signaling molecules that are secreted, bind to a
specific cell membrane receptors, and regulate innate or adaptive
immunity; either proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory. Majority
ANSWERS RATED A+
What is metabolic absorption? - ANSWER >>>>>The uptake and
use of nutrients and other substances from the cells surrounds (pg.
3).
What uses oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms in an oxidative
reaction? - ANSWER >>>>>Peroxisomes contain enzymes to use
o2 to remove H atoms. This produces hydrogen peroixide. (pg 8)
During cell injury what is released that is capable of cellular
autodigestion? - ANSWER >>>>>Lysosomes aid in cellular
digestion, seen as "trash cans and recycling agents" "as cells
complete their life span and die, lysosomes digest...the debris...
Lysosomes involved in this process of autodigestion are called
autolysosomes or autophagomes (pg 7-8).
Where is the genetic info contained in the cell? - ANSWER
>>>>>The nucleus contains the Nucleolus, a small dense structure
composed of RNA, DNA, DNA protein. Pg 3.
Cell membranes contain which major chemical components? -
ANSWER >>>>>"The main components of cell membranes are
lipids and proteins. The basic structure of cell membranes is the
lipid bilayer..." pg 12
What allows potassium to diffuse in and out of cells? - ANSWER
>>>>>Diffusion is the movement of a solute molecule from and
area of greater solute concentration to an area of lesser solute
concentration. (pg. 29). Active transport of K+ and Na+ requires a
Sodium-Potassium Pump (pg. 31).
,How is the cell protected from injury? - ANSWER >>>>>Plasma
membrane pg 12 table 1.1 (functions of membrane).
In cirrhosis, what does cholesterol have to do with the
erythrocytes? - ANSWER >>>>>causes a decrease in membrane
fluidity and affects the cells' ability to transport oxygen
What is platelet-derived growth factor? - ANSWER >>>>>PDGF
stimulates proliferation of connective tissue cells and neuroglial
cells. Can help with creating blood clots. Pg 38.
What is cell communication? How does it occur? - ANSWER
>>>>>Cells need to communicate w/ each other to maintain a
stable internal environment, or homeostasis; to regulate growth
and division... it is done by 3 main ways. 1) they display plasma
membrane-bound signaling molecules (receptors) that affect the
cell itself and other cells in direct physical contact. 2) they affect
receptor proteins inside the target cell and the signal molecule has
to enter the cell to bind w/ them. 3) they form protein channels
that directly coordinate the activities of the adjacent cells. Pg 19.
What is chemical signaling? - ANSWER >>>>>Primary means of
cell-to-cell communication. 5 forms of signaling mediated by
secreted molecules: (1) Contact-dependent signaling requires cells
to be in close membrane-membrane contact; (2) Paracrine
signaling- cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly
absorbed, destroyed, or immobilized; (3) Autocrine signaling- cells
produce signals that they, themselves, respond to (cancer cells); (4)
Hormonal signaling involves specialized endocrine cells that secrete
chemicals called hormones (TSH). Hormones are released by one
set of cells and travel through the tissue and through the
bloodstream to produce a response in other sets of cells; (5)
Neurohormonal signaling- hormones are released into the blood by
neurosecretory neurons. (p.19)
, How is glucose transported from the blood to the cell? - ANSWER
>>>>>Pancreatic cells secrete and release insulin to signal muscle
cells to absorb sugar from the blood for energy. (p.3)
Understand the transportation of potassium and sodium across
plasma membranes - ANSWER >>>>>The Na+ -K+ antiport system
(Na+ moving out of the cell and K+ moving into the cell) uses the
direct energy of ATP to move these cations. The transporter protein
is the enzyme adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase). Approximately
60% to 70% of the ATP synthesized by cells is used to maintain the
Na+-K+ transport system. 1, three Na+ ions bind to sodium- binding
sites on the carrier's interface. 2, at the same time, an energy-
containing adenosine triphosphate molecule produced by the cell's
mitochondria bind to the carrier. The ATP disassociates,
transferring its stored energy to the carrier. 3 and 4, the carrier
then changes shape, releases the three Na+ ions to the outside of
the cell, and attracts two potassium ions to its potassium- binding
site. 5, the carrier then returns to its original shape, releasing the
two K+ ions and the remnant of the ATP molecule to the inside of
the cell. The carrier is now ready for another pumping cycle (p.31)
What is active transport? - ANSWER >>>>>requires life, biologic
activity, and the cell's expenditure of metabolic energy. Unlike
passive transport, active transport occurs across only living
membranes that have to drive the flow "uphill" by coupling it to an
energy source (p. 28)
What are cytokines? - ANSWER >>>>>Growth factor, also called
cytokines, stimulate an increase in cell mass or cell growth by
promoting the synthesis of proteins and other macromolecules and
inhibiting their degradation (p. 38)
Cytokines constitute a large family of small-molecular-weight
soluble intracellular-signaling molecules that are secreted, bind to a
specific cell membrane receptors, and regulate innate or adaptive
immunity; either proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory. Majority
