ERTH 2401 Exam Guide With
Complete Solution
What does pachycephalosauria mean? - ANSWER Thick headed lizard
Are pachycephalosauria ornithischian or saurischian? - ANSWER
Ornithischian
True or false. Pachycephalosauria had big brains. - ANSWER False, small
brains under thick dome.
What was the name of the first pachycephalosauria discovered? When was it
discovered? Where was it found? - ANSWER Stenopelix in 1850, Germany.
BASAL.
Who named the first pachycephalosauria dome and when? What did he name
it? - ANSWER Lawrence Lambe named Stegoceras in 1902
Who gave the first complete description of pachycephalosauria and when? -
ANSWER C.M. Gilmore described Stegoceras in 1924
Describe Stegoceras. - ANSWER The first pachycephalosauria with a domed
and ornamented skull. 2m in length with short forelimbs.
When was the name and group pachycephalosauridae created? What groups
did it contain? - ANSWER 1945 - Pachycephalosaurus and Stegoceras
Between 1970s and 1980s, a large number of pachycephalosaur specimens
were discovered in _______________? - ANSWER China and Mongolia
What group does homalocephale belong to? Describe it. - ANSWER
,Homalocephale ("even head") belonged to pachycephalosauria and had a
flat, but thick, skull. Potentially juvenile.
When was Dracorex discovered? What group did it belong to? Describe it. -
ANSWER Dracorex was discovered in 2006 and belongs to
pachycephalosauria. Has a spiky skull but no dome.
When was Acrotholus discovered? What group did it belong to? Describe it. -
ANSWER Acrotholus was discovered in 2013 and belongs to
pachycephalosauria. It only has a dome and some spikes.
True or false. The fossil record for pachycephalosaurs is not well preserved. -
ANSWER False, skulls are very well preserved.
True or false. There is a clear link between pachycephalosaurs and their next
closest ancestor, the marginocephalians. - ANSWER False, big gap between
pachycephalosaurs and marginocephalians.
Were pachycephalosaurs carnivores, herbivores, or omnivores? What
evidence is there to support this. - ANSWER Herbivores because of their
modified cheek region and peg like teeth in front and serrated teeth in the
back.
What are the main characteristics to defining pachycephalosaurs? - ANSWER
- Thick skull roof
- Modified cheek region
- Shortening of floor brain case
- Expansion of back of skull
- Ornamented skull
,- Short forelimbs
- Reduction of pubic bone
- Special features on back and tail vertebrae
What are the two main groups of pachycephalosauridae? What defines them?
Why are they debates? - ANSWER 1. Pachycephalosaurus - Round skull roof
2. Homalocephale - Flat skull roof
Debated because flat skull could be because of immaturity.
Where have pachycephalosauria been found? - ANSWER Exclusively northern
hemisphere, origin may be central or eastern Asia with a migration to N.
America.
How many specimens of pachycephalosaurids have been found? Where are
the majority of them found? - ANSWER 575 with lots in Alberta.
Which region shows more complete preservation of pachycephalosaurid
skeletons? North America or Asia? - ANSWER Asia because more desert like
conditions and potentially fast sedimentation, less river disturbances.
True or false. Pachycephalosauria are agile and climb trees to obtain food. -
ANSWER False, they are low browsers.
True or false. The structure of pachycephalosauria skulls show perpendicular
network of bony columns to surface. - ANSWER True, this supports against
stress.
What is the assumed behaviour of pachycephalosauria? - ANSWER That they
head butt and shove potentially for mating or for sexual dimorphism.
How are the vertebrae of pachycephalosauria altered for their behaviour? -
, ANSWER Their vertebrae fit together in tongue and groove method to
prevent lateral rotation.
Define sympatric specimens - ANSWER When two species live in same area
during the same time.
True or false. There is blood flow in the dome of a pachycephalosaur. -
ANSWER True, a complete network of blood vessels.
During what time frame did the Pachycephalosauria live? - ANSWER Late-End
Cretaceous
What method of locomotion did Pachycephalosauria have? - ANSWER
Bipedal
During what time frame did the Ceratopsia live? - ANSWER Late Jurassic to
end Cretaceous
In what regions would you find Ceratopsia? - ANSWER North America (WIS)
and East Asia
What are the defining features of Ceratopsia? - ANSWER - Rostral bone
forming upper beak
- Skull is narrow at beak and flaring in the back
- Deep cheek region
- Frills varying in size
- Bone folding on skull to form secondary skull roof
- Dental batteries
What are the three main groups of Ceratopsia? How did each group walk? -
Complete Solution
What does pachycephalosauria mean? - ANSWER Thick headed lizard
Are pachycephalosauria ornithischian or saurischian? - ANSWER
Ornithischian
True or false. Pachycephalosauria had big brains. - ANSWER False, small
brains under thick dome.
What was the name of the first pachycephalosauria discovered? When was it
discovered? Where was it found? - ANSWER Stenopelix in 1850, Germany.
BASAL.
Who named the first pachycephalosauria dome and when? What did he name
it? - ANSWER Lawrence Lambe named Stegoceras in 1902
Who gave the first complete description of pachycephalosauria and when? -
ANSWER C.M. Gilmore described Stegoceras in 1924
Describe Stegoceras. - ANSWER The first pachycephalosauria with a domed
and ornamented skull. 2m in length with short forelimbs.
When was the name and group pachycephalosauridae created? What groups
did it contain? - ANSWER 1945 - Pachycephalosaurus and Stegoceras
Between 1970s and 1980s, a large number of pachycephalosaur specimens
were discovered in _______________? - ANSWER China and Mongolia
What group does homalocephale belong to? Describe it. - ANSWER
,Homalocephale ("even head") belonged to pachycephalosauria and had a
flat, but thick, skull. Potentially juvenile.
When was Dracorex discovered? What group did it belong to? Describe it. -
ANSWER Dracorex was discovered in 2006 and belongs to
pachycephalosauria. Has a spiky skull but no dome.
When was Acrotholus discovered? What group did it belong to? Describe it. -
ANSWER Acrotholus was discovered in 2013 and belongs to
pachycephalosauria. It only has a dome and some spikes.
True or false. The fossil record for pachycephalosaurs is not well preserved. -
ANSWER False, skulls are very well preserved.
True or false. There is a clear link between pachycephalosaurs and their next
closest ancestor, the marginocephalians. - ANSWER False, big gap between
pachycephalosaurs and marginocephalians.
Were pachycephalosaurs carnivores, herbivores, or omnivores? What
evidence is there to support this. - ANSWER Herbivores because of their
modified cheek region and peg like teeth in front and serrated teeth in the
back.
What are the main characteristics to defining pachycephalosaurs? - ANSWER
- Thick skull roof
- Modified cheek region
- Shortening of floor brain case
- Expansion of back of skull
- Ornamented skull
,- Short forelimbs
- Reduction of pubic bone
- Special features on back and tail vertebrae
What are the two main groups of pachycephalosauridae? What defines them?
Why are they debates? - ANSWER 1. Pachycephalosaurus - Round skull roof
2. Homalocephale - Flat skull roof
Debated because flat skull could be because of immaturity.
Where have pachycephalosauria been found? - ANSWER Exclusively northern
hemisphere, origin may be central or eastern Asia with a migration to N.
America.
How many specimens of pachycephalosaurids have been found? Where are
the majority of them found? - ANSWER 575 with lots in Alberta.
Which region shows more complete preservation of pachycephalosaurid
skeletons? North America or Asia? - ANSWER Asia because more desert like
conditions and potentially fast sedimentation, less river disturbances.
True or false. Pachycephalosauria are agile and climb trees to obtain food. -
ANSWER False, they are low browsers.
True or false. The structure of pachycephalosauria skulls show perpendicular
network of bony columns to surface. - ANSWER True, this supports against
stress.
What is the assumed behaviour of pachycephalosauria? - ANSWER That they
head butt and shove potentially for mating or for sexual dimorphism.
How are the vertebrae of pachycephalosauria altered for their behaviour? -
, ANSWER Their vertebrae fit together in tongue and groove method to
prevent lateral rotation.
Define sympatric specimens - ANSWER When two species live in same area
during the same time.
True or false. There is blood flow in the dome of a pachycephalosaur. -
ANSWER True, a complete network of blood vessels.
During what time frame did the Pachycephalosauria live? - ANSWER Late-End
Cretaceous
What method of locomotion did Pachycephalosauria have? - ANSWER
Bipedal
During what time frame did the Ceratopsia live? - ANSWER Late Jurassic to
end Cretaceous
In what regions would you find Ceratopsia? - ANSWER North America (WIS)
and East Asia
What are the defining features of Ceratopsia? - ANSWER - Rostral bone
forming upper beak
- Skull is narrow at beak and flaring in the back
- Deep cheek region
- Frills varying in size
- Bone folding on skull to form secondary skull roof
- Dental batteries
What are the three main groups of Ceratopsia? How did each group walk? -
