BIO 181 NAU- Exam 1 Study Guide
Solutions Updated
Matter - ANSWER✔✔-Anything that occupies space and has a mass
Three Physical States of Matter - ANSWER✔✔-Solid, liquid, gas
Element - ANSWER✔✔-Substance that cannot be broken down into other
substances by chemical reactions
Four elements that make up about 96% of the weight and most cells: -
ANSWER✔✔-Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
Atoms - ANSWER✔✔-The smallest functional units of matter that form
ALL chemical substances
Three subatomic particles - ANSWER✔✔-Protons, Neutrons, Electrons
Protons - ANSWER✔✔-Positive charge, found in nucleus. Number of
protons is what distinguishes one element from another
Atomic number - ANSWER✔✔-How many protons are in an element
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,Mass number - ANSWER✔✔-sum of the number of protons and neutrons
in its nucleus
Isotopes - ANSWER✔✔-Forms of an element with different numbers of
neutrons than protons. Ex; Carbon 12 = 6 protons and 7 neutrons.
Gaining vs. Losing electrons - ANSWER✔✔-N+1 = Losing electron
N-1 = Gaining electron
Electrons = electronegative
Octet rule - ANSWER✔✔-Atoms are most stable when their outer shell is
full. The outer shell has to be filled with 8 electrons EXCEPT Hydrogen and
Helium with just 2 electrons.
Valence Electrons - ANSWER✔✔-Electrons more likely to form bonds,
taken away, or shared with other atoms. Electrons in the outer shell
Compounds - ANSWER✔✔-Putting two elements together
Two types of chemical bonds - ANSWER✔✔-Ionic and covalent
Ionic Bonds - ANSWER✔✔-ELECTRON SWAP- formed between
oppositely charged ions. Ex; NaCl
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, Ions (2 types) - ANSWER✔✔-Charged atoms
Cations: Have a net positive charge (+)
Anions: Have a net negative charge (-)
Ionic - ANSWER✔✔-Something with a charge
Covalent Bond - ANSWER✔✔-Forms when two atoms SHARE one or
more pairs of outer-shell electrons. These bonds are the strongest of bonds.
Polar Molecules - ANSWER✔✔-An uneven distribution of charge Ex; H2O.
Hydrogen are slightly positive, oxygen is slightly negative.
Hydrogen Bond - ANSWER✔✔-A weak attraction between a partially
positive hydrogen and a partially negative atom like Oxygen. Causes
cohesion
Cohesion - ANSWER✔✔-The tendency of molecules of the same kind to
stick together. Ex; sipping through a straw. In order for the water to be
sucked up and stuck together is cohesion
Heat - ANSWER✔✔-The amount of energy associated wit hteh movement
of the atoms and molecules in a body of matter
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Solutions Updated
Matter - ANSWER✔✔-Anything that occupies space and has a mass
Three Physical States of Matter - ANSWER✔✔-Solid, liquid, gas
Element - ANSWER✔✔-Substance that cannot be broken down into other
substances by chemical reactions
Four elements that make up about 96% of the weight and most cells: -
ANSWER✔✔-Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
Atoms - ANSWER✔✔-The smallest functional units of matter that form
ALL chemical substances
Three subatomic particles - ANSWER✔✔-Protons, Neutrons, Electrons
Protons - ANSWER✔✔-Positive charge, found in nucleus. Number of
protons is what distinguishes one element from another
Atomic number - ANSWER✔✔-How many protons are in an element
Copyright ©EMILLYCHARLOTE 2025 ACADEMIC YEAR, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Page 1/20
,Mass number - ANSWER✔✔-sum of the number of protons and neutrons
in its nucleus
Isotopes - ANSWER✔✔-Forms of an element with different numbers of
neutrons than protons. Ex; Carbon 12 = 6 protons and 7 neutrons.
Gaining vs. Losing electrons - ANSWER✔✔-N+1 = Losing electron
N-1 = Gaining electron
Electrons = electronegative
Octet rule - ANSWER✔✔-Atoms are most stable when their outer shell is
full. The outer shell has to be filled with 8 electrons EXCEPT Hydrogen and
Helium with just 2 electrons.
Valence Electrons - ANSWER✔✔-Electrons more likely to form bonds,
taken away, or shared with other atoms. Electrons in the outer shell
Compounds - ANSWER✔✔-Putting two elements together
Two types of chemical bonds - ANSWER✔✔-Ionic and covalent
Ionic Bonds - ANSWER✔✔-ELECTRON SWAP- formed between
oppositely charged ions. Ex; NaCl
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, Ions (2 types) - ANSWER✔✔-Charged atoms
Cations: Have a net positive charge (+)
Anions: Have a net negative charge (-)
Ionic - ANSWER✔✔-Something with a charge
Covalent Bond - ANSWER✔✔-Forms when two atoms SHARE one or
more pairs of outer-shell electrons. These bonds are the strongest of bonds.
Polar Molecules - ANSWER✔✔-An uneven distribution of charge Ex; H2O.
Hydrogen are slightly positive, oxygen is slightly negative.
Hydrogen Bond - ANSWER✔✔-A weak attraction between a partially
positive hydrogen and a partially negative atom like Oxygen. Causes
cohesion
Cohesion - ANSWER✔✔-The tendency of molecules of the same kind to
stick together. Ex; sipping through a straw. In order for the water to be
sucked up and stuck together is cohesion
Heat - ANSWER✔✔-The amount of energy associated wit hteh movement
of the atoms and molecules in a body of matter
Copyright ©EMILLYCHARLOTE 2025 ACADEMIC YEAR, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Page 3/20
