Bio 231 Chapter 1 Summary

The Human Body: An orientation

Anatomy:
Subdivision:
Gross (Macroscopic) A

Microscopic (Cytology, Histology) A

Developmental (Embryonic) A

Essential tools in study of anatomy: - knowledge of anatomical terminology
- observation /inspection
- palpation
- manipulation
- auscultation

Physiology:
Subdivisions based on organ system (ex: cardiovascular system)

Needs: - to focus at multilevel (from cells for tissues to …. systems)
-to understand physical principles (electrical current, pressure, movements)
-to understand chemical principles

Anatomy and physiology are inseparable. The structure is useless if it has no function,
The functions are performed by the structure

Levels of Structural Organization: ---- chemical---cell---tissue --- organ--- organ
system-----organismal

Necessities for life: 1. maintaining boundaries – skin
- plasma membrane

2. movement by muscle contraction -skeletal
-cardiac
-smooth
3. responsiveness – ability to sense and response to stimuli
- reflexes (withdrawal, micturition, inflation….)

4. digestion - breaking down to small form
- absorption
5. metabolism – catabolism
anabolism
cellular respiration
6. excretion – urea
- feces
- carbon dioxide

7. reproduction – mitosis

, -meiosis
8. growth – hypertrophy
-hyperplasia


Interdependence of body cells:


Organ-Systems: Integumentary System (Skin, Accessory organs)
Hair
Skin
Nails

Skeletal system (+ joints)
Bones
Joints
Ligaments
Tendons

Muscular system
Smooth muscular
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle

Nervous system
Brain
Spinal Cord
Retina
Sensory neurons
Ganglia
Nerves

Endocrine system
T-hyroid Gland
A-drenal
O-vary
P-Pituitary Gland
P-ineal Gland
P-ancreas
T-estis
T-hymus

Cardiovascular system (Blood, Heart, Blood Vessels)
Heart
Blood Vessels