ionic bond - ANSWER direct interaction between positive and negative ions
covalent bond - ANSWER A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of
electrons between atoms in a molecule
Electronegativity - ANSWER measure of how strongly atoms attract bonding
electrons to themselves
molecular weight - ANSWER ratio of the average mass of one molecule of an
element or compound to one-twelfth of the mass of an atom of carbon-12
(remember that this is a dimensionless quantity)
macromolecule - ANSWER a molecule that contains a very large number of
atoms. Examples would be proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates.
polymer - ANSWER a macromolecule assembled with covalent linkages
between smaller repeating units
(Proteins, from amino acids, polysaccharides from carbohydrates, nucleic acids
from nucleotides)
hydrophobic - ANSWER - Insolubility in water. - Water would rather interact
with itself than with non-polar compounds.
- tendency of hydrophobic molecules to sequester themselves from water
- nonpolar and unable to form H bonds
hydrophillic - ANSWER - preferably interacts (dissolves) with water.
- compounds will be polar and will be able to interact with water through either
hydrogen bonds or through ion-dipole or dipole-dipole interactions.
- They will contain electronegative and electropositive atoms.
proton donor - ANSWER acid
proton acceptor - ANSWER base
,hydronium ion - ANSWER hydrogen ion combines with a water molecule to
form a hydronium ion, H3O(+)
trace elements - ANSWER elements required by an organism in only minute
quantities
what are the trace elements? - ANSWER Mg, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn,
Mo, Se, I
aldehyde - ANSWER
amino acid - ANSWER Building blocks of protein
Carbohydrates - ANSWER made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
- simplest form is monosaccharides or sugars
nucleotides - ANSWER - Basic units of DNA molecule
- form ATP
- composed of a 5 carbon sugar, N containing ring, and 1+ phosphate groups
lipids - ANSWER - insoluble in water but soluble in ethanol and ether
- poorly soluble in water bc they often include hydrophobic chains
ether - ANSWER
Amine - ANSWER RNH2, R2NH, R3N
thiol - ANSWER R-SH
Ketone - ANSWER
ESTER - ANSWER
Amide - ANSWER
sulfhydryl group - ANSWER
,do Co2 and H2O molecules have the same 3D shape? - ANSWER No because
of the distribution of lone pairs of electrons and the hybridization of carbon and
oxygen
meaning of electronegativity - ANSWER chemical property that describes the
tendency for an atom to attract a pair of electrons towards itself
how does EN affect the distribution of electrons in a covalent bond between O
and H? - ANSWER O = more EN than H
- means that in an O-H bond the electrons will be biased toward oxygen
- leaves a partial negative charge on O and partial positive charge on H
- makes bond polar
draw two molecules of water that are hydrogen bonded. Label covalent and
hydrogen bonds - ANSWER
In liquid water, what is the normal # of H bonds formed between H20
molecules? - ANSWER 3.4- arises bc the water molecules are moving so that
at any given moment in time they cannot form 5
the smaller number of H bonds (in water)... - ANSWER allows for closer
packing and higher density than ice
polar chemical group descriptions and examples - ANSWER - asymmetric
distribution of charge induced by elements that have differences in
electronegativity
Ex: carboxamides, alcohols, carbonyl groups, esters
non polar chemical group description and examples - ANSWER - do not have
major asymmetry in this distribution of electrons
- share electrons equally within a bond
ex: ethyl, methyl, phenyl groups
hydrophobic examples - ANSWER methane, ethane, benzene, isobutane,
ethyl, ether
hydrophilic compound examples - ANSWER ethanol, methanol, acetic acid
, Delta G equation - ANSWER delta G = delta H - T * delta S
what does H stand for - ANSWER H = enthalpy (bonding energy); measured
in heat units (joule or calories)
what does a negative delta H mean? - ANSWER heat is released > exothermic
what does a positive delta H mean? - ANSWER heat is consumed >
endothermic process
what does S stand for? - ANSWER entropy (randomness)
- units: J/K
Meaning of negative delta G - ANSWER reaction is energetically favorable
(exergonic)
meaning of positive delta G - ANSWER non-spontaneous endergonic (energy-
absorbing)
meaning of delta G = 0 - ANSWER equilibrium
delta G must be (blank) for a reaction to proceed spontaneously - ANSWER
negative
what else factors into if a reaction will actually proceed (besides having a
negative delta G) - ANSWER depends on kinetics and whether there is a
pathway by which the reaction might proceed
Calculate pH for
[H+] = 0.05 M - ANSWER ph = log10 (0.05) = -1.3
Calculate pH for
[H+] = 0.0001 M - ANSWER ph = log10 (0.0001) = log10 (10^-4) = 4
Calculate pH for
[OH-] = 0.0001 - ANSWER Kw = [H+][OH-] = 1 * 10^-14
Hence [H+] = 1*10^-14 / [OH-]
= 10^-14/0.0001=1*10^-10
covalent bond - ANSWER A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of
electrons between atoms in a molecule
Electronegativity - ANSWER measure of how strongly atoms attract bonding
electrons to themselves
molecular weight - ANSWER ratio of the average mass of one molecule of an
element or compound to one-twelfth of the mass of an atom of carbon-12
(remember that this is a dimensionless quantity)
macromolecule - ANSWER a molecule that contains a very large number of
atoms. Examples would be proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates.
polymer - ANSWER a macromolecule assembled with covalent linkages
between smaller repeating units
(Proteins, from amino acids, polysaccharides from carbohydrates, nucleic acids
from nucleotides)
hydrophobic - ANSWER - Insolubility in water. - Water would rather interact
with itself than with non-polar compounds.
- tendency of hydrophobic molecules to sequester themselves from water
- nonpolar and unable to form H bonds
hydrophillic - ANSWER - preferably interacts (dissolves) with water.
- compounds will be polar and will be able to interact with water through either
hydrogen bonds or through ion-dipole or dipole-dipole interactions.
- They will contain electronegative and electropositive atoms.
proton donor - ANSWER acid
proton acceptor - ANSWER base
,hydronium ion - ANSWER hydrogen ion combines with a water molecule to
form a hydronium ion, H3O(+)
trace elements - ANSWER elements required by an organism in only minute
quantities
what are the trace elements? - ANSWER Mg, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn,
Mo, Se, I
aldehyde - ANSWER
amino acid - ANSWER Building blocks of protein
Carbohydrates - ANSWER made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
- simplest form is monosaccharides or sugars
nucleotides - ANSWER - Basic units of DNA molecule
- form ATP
- composed of a 5 carbon sugar, N containing ring, and 1+ phosphate groups
lipids - ANSWER - insoluble in water but soluble in ethanol and ether
- poorly soluble in water bc they often include hydrophobic chains
ether - ANSWER
Amine - ANSWER RNH2, R2NH, R3N
thiol - ANSWER R-SH
Ketone - ANSWER
ESTER - ANSWER
Amide - ANSWER
sulfhydryl group - ANSWER
,do Co2 and H2O molecules have the same 3D shape? - ANSWER No because
of the distribution of lone pairs of electrons and the hybridization of carbon and
oxygen
meaning of electronegativity - ANSWER chemical property that describes the
tendency for an atom to attract a pair of electrons towards itself
how does EN affect the distribution of electrons in a covalent bond between O
and H? - ANSWER O = more EN than H
- means that in an O-H bond the electrons will be biased toward oxygen
- leaves a partial negative charge on O and partial positive charge on H
- makes bond polar
draw two molecules of water that are hydrogen bonded. Label covalent and
hydrogen bonds - ANSWER
In liquid water, what is the normal # of H bonds formed between H20
molecules? - ANSWER 3.4- arises bc the water molecules are moving so that
at any given moment in time they cannot form 5
the smaller number of H bonds (in water)... - ANSWER allows for closer
packing and higher density than ice
polar chemical group descriptions and examples - ANSWER - asymmetric
distribution of charge induced by elements that have differences in
electronegativity
Ex: carboxamides, alcohols, carbonyl groups, esters
non polar chemical group description and examples - ANSWER - do not have
major asymmetry in this distribution of electrons
- share electrons equally within a bond
ex: ethyl, methyl, phenyl groups
hydrophobic examples - ANSWER methane, ethane, benzene, isobutane,
ethyl, ether
hydrophilic compound examples - ANSWER ethanol, methanol, acetic acid
, Delta G equation - ANSWER delta G = delta H - T * delta S
what does H stand for - ANSWER H = enthalpy (bonding energy); measured
in heat units (joule or calories)
what does a negative delta H mean? - ANSWER heat is released > exothermic
what does a positive delta H mean? - ANSWER heat is consumed >
endothermic process
what does S stand for? - ANSWER entropy (randomness)
- units: J/K
Meaning of negative delta G - ANSWER reaction is energetically favorable
(exergonic)
meaning of positive delta G - ANSWER non-spontaneous endergonic (energy-
absorbing)
meaning of delta G = 0 - ANSWER equilibrium
delta G must be (blank) for a reaction to proceed spontaneously - ANSWER
negative
what else factors into if a reaction will actually proceed (besides having a
negative delta G) - ANSWER depends on kinetics and whether there is a
pathway by which the reaction might proceed
Calculate pH for
[H+] = 0.05 M - ANSWER ph = log10 (0.05) = -1.3
Calculate pH for
[H+] = 0.0001 M - ANSWER ph = log10 (0.0001) = log10 (10^-4) = 4
Calculate pH for
[OH-] = 0.0001 - ANSWER Kw = [H+][OH-] = 1 * 10^-14
Hence [H+] = 1*10^-14 / [OH-]
= 10^-14/0.0001=1*10^-10
